The Wonders of Music

Yes, music is wonderful.  It's enjoyable and beautiful, can be fascinating and dramatic, familiar and mysterious, relaxing and exciting, inspiring us mentally, emotionally, and physically.  Music is one of the best things in life.  I'm hoping this page will help you increase your enjoying of musical activities, whether you're just listening to music or you also are making music.     { scientific discoveries:  music produces many benefits – mental, emotional, physical – when we listen to it or make it. }

experiments produce experiences:
try new musical ideas, listen and learn.

You can improve your melody-improvising by using strategies for making melodies (based on principles of harmony) that you learn by understanding explanations (from me or other teachers), and by doing musical experiments (trying new musical ideas) to produce new musical experiences so you can listen and learn.

how to use this page:

Why is an explanation necessary?  Because this page is different.  Most websites about “making music” have multiple web-pages, and each page links to other pages.  By contrast, this web-page IS my website.  Many of my page-sections would be a web-page (in the usual kind of music website) but instead I've put all sections into one page.  Although doing this isn't the common way to build a website,...

The structure of this website-page offers benefits when it's used effectively.  How?  When you use a website, you choose the pages you will visit.  You should use this page in the same way (because it's "my website") by choosing the page-sections you want to read & use.  One practical reading strategy is to use its two-part Table of Contents, first the brief ToC below, and then — after I describe two other pages, similar to this one but shorter — a detailed ToC.

Table of Contents – brief

This large page has many sections;  you can read them in any order you want, to explore possibilities for making your own music.  This listing of page-sections is followed by a detailed Table of Contents.  Later, many sections end with a link for  Table of Contents  that takes you to here, so you can see your options and decide “what to do next.”  Sections that don't emphasize Music Theory have a YELLOW BOX.

above:  You can enjoy the wonders of music by just listening or by also playing when you do experiments that produce experiences.

below:

two ways to enjoy wonderful music  —  strategies for experimenting will help you be more effective in producing new experiences so you can listen-and-learn  —  play by ear and improvise with three kinds of instruments  —  the mutually supportive connections between creativity and theory,

using a colorized keyboard to learn Music Theory and play Harmonious Melodies plus why you may want to colorize a keyboard, and how to do it,

imagery and mystery  —  do experiments with melody & harmony & rhythm & arranging  —  listen actively (to creative songs like these) while cooperating and maybe composing  —  using the benefits of your instrument(s)  —  preparing to improvise – improvising in life  —  ideas from other authors,

improvising with chord progressions (with 12-Bar Blues & 50s Progression & more), and

more Music Theory for scales — major & minor & modal & chromatic & pentatonic, all with octaves — plus The Circle of Fifths.

Also, two shorter pages about improvising music — focused on the educational goal of "helping more people (especially seniors and K-12 students, the old and young) increase their enjoying of music by making their own music" — has high-quality summaries, with fewer iou's (and loose ends) than in this page.

Table of Contents – detailed

You can read the page-sections (they're listed in the brief Table of Contents above, and are described below) in any order you want, to explore possibilities for making your own music.  The brief Table of Contents gives you a quick overview of the page.  In this detailed Table of Contents the descriptions are fairly brief, but are long enough to explain the main idea(s) so you'll know what the section-topic is, to help you decide whether you want to click the link and read that section.

The Wonders of Music:  It's enjoyable and beautiful, is one of the best things in life, whether you're just listening or also are playing.    {and there are benefits: mental, emotional, physical.}    {the full section}

Experiments produce Experiences so you can Listen-and-Learn:  Your experiments produce experiences that are opportunities for learning.  The main way you will improve your improvising is learning by doing, when you do musical experiments (you try new musical ideas) to produce new musical experiences so you can listen-and-learn.  You will learn more effectively, and more enjoyably, when you use strategies to guide your experimenting  —  by playing...  often slow-and-free (because having time allows creativity) but sometimes faster-with-rhythm (to develop disciplined rhythmic skills),  while thinking about theory and by not-thinking,  seeking new adventures,  expecting to improve,  aiming for quality in learning & performing  —  so you will get more musical experiences and learn more from your experiences.    {the full section}

Playing by Ear (and Improvising):  Instead of “reading sheet music” you can “play by ear” to translate your musical ideas into musical actions.  Improving your playing-by-ear skill (when you don't change a melody) will improve your playing-with-improvising skill (when you do change a melody, or you invent your own melody).    {the full section}

Three Ways to Play By Ear (and Improvise):  When you can skillfully sing (with words or without words) or play an instrument, you have an effective connection between thinking and doing, with intuitive-and-automatic translating of your musical ideas (that you are imagining, consciously and/or subconsciously) into musical actions and musical sounds.    {the full section}

Theory and Creativity are Mutually Supportive:  Originally I tried to split the page into Part 1 (focusing on Creativity) and Part 2 (mostly about Theory).  But these efforts – in “trying to split” – were failures, because the more I wrote about musical activities that stimulate creativity, the more I recognized that creative Music-Making usually involves Music Theory, with creative melodies usually involving harmony that is guided by music theory.  Therefore the page now doesn't have a Part 1 and Part 2.   But some distinctions remain;  the sections that are mostly about Musical Creativity have YELLOW BACKGROUNDS, while sections that also emphasize Music Theory are in BOXES WITH BORDERS, ☐.   I say "mostly" and "also" because creativity and theory are not mutually exclusive, instead they're mutually supportive.  There is plenty of overlap — with theory being used creatively, and creativity occurring in the context of theory — so instead of creativity OR theory, it's more musically productive to think about creativity-AND-theory.    {the full section}

Musical Imagery:  While you're playing or singing, think-and-feel (for yourself) and/or communicate (for others) your musically-metaphorical “imagery” for the atmosphere-character-flavor-mood of the music, for the ways you're thinking & feeling.    {the full section}

Musical Mystery:  Usually, music that is interesting and enjoyable is semi-predictable, with some surprises.  Why?  Because when we hear music, we intuitively follow the flow of what has been happening, and “predict” what will happen.  If there is too much sameness, we become bored.  But we get frustrated if the music is too difficult to predict.  We tend to enjoy an in-between mix, with frequent confirmation of expectations along with some surprises, in a blend that is interesting rather than boring or frustrating.    {the full section}

Musical Tension:  In the music we enjoy, one aspect of artistic semi-mystery arises from creatively mixing consonance (sometimes) and dissonance (other times).  To do this, a common strategy is moving away from the home-chord (or home-note) of a key, and then returning to it.  In this way and others, musicians can produce tension (in their chords and/or melodies) and then resolve the tension.    {the full section}

Musical Harmony:  We think music sounds “harmonious” when certain notes – like those of a major chord or minor chord – are played simultaneously in a chord (this happens due to the interactions of musical physics with human physiology) or (due to this physics-and-physiology plus memory) are played sequentially in a melody.  Much of this page is designed to help you use music theory to guide your music playing, to help you play harmonious melodies.   /   Why do we hear harmony?   A perception (in our human physiology) of perfectly-consonant harmony occurs when some overtones of two musical tones (in their musical physics) are perfectly-matched.     { In the music we usually hear, why are most harmonies intentionally imperfect? }    {the full section}

Improvising Music by doing creative experiments

with its Melody, Harmony, Rhythm, Arrangement:

Melodic Improvisation:  You can play a melody as-is with no changes, or – because the original is just one of many similar melodies – modify it:  add or delete notes, change some, emphasize them differently (than in the original), change the rhythm, or... do whatever you want to modify the old melody and invent a new melody that's your variation on its theme.   /   Or invent a new melody by using harmony.  Or with unstructured free creativity, just “put notes together” in any way you want.    {the full section}

Harmonic Improvisation:  You can harmonize with a melody by playing non-melody notes that combine with the melody notes in ways that sound pleasantly harmonious.  And invent a harmonious melody when your melody-making is guided by harmony.     { colors can help you learn theory and make harmonious music }    {the full section}

Rhythmic Improvisation:  Do creative experiments with rhythms.  When you're playing a melody, use more notes (faster, shorter) or fewer (slower, longer);  mix fast & slow;  split notes un-evenly (as in a swinging “shuffle” rhythm);  slide from one note to another (as with a trombone or steel guitar);  “do different things” for on-beats (1 & 3) and off-beats (2 & 4);  make the tempo slower or faster, or (as with Chopin) variable.  And use some silence, with on-and-off sound, by not playing constantly.  Do things that are interesting, and have fun.    {the full section}

Cooperative Improvising (and Arranging):  When you're cooperating with other musicians to “make beautiful music together” you can enjoy the interactive process and the musical results.  When individuals are creatively coordinating their “yes and” contributions, are responding with mutually supportive empathy, the group is building synergistic teamwork that is musically productive, and fun.   /   While you're playing, an important responsibility is “playing through whatever happens” to help sustain continuity, to keep the music flowing.   /   If the musical coordinations are pre-planned, it's called arranging.  Appreciating the artistry of an arrangement – as in decisions about the blend-of-instruments that play in each part of a song – is one reward for...    {the full section}

Active Listening:  You can enjoy “the wonders of music” by just listening.  And also with active listening, by using your ears-and-mind to be an aware observer, to perceive more of what's happening in the music.  By listening actively you can learn a lot while enjoying the music and your process of discovery.  One useful approach is whole-part-whole, with analysis & synthesis, by studying parts and asking how each part contributes to the whole.  For example, we can ask “what factors give a musical style its identity, helping it sound distinctive?”   /   Why are “influences” important, and what are the connections between knowledge & creativity, when we use old ideas creatively by modifying them or by combining them in new ways?     { creative songs for active listening }    {the full section}

Cooperative Improvising – Part 2 :  Improvising with a group goes beyond Active Listening because now you're making real-time musical decisions.  You can gain experience in private (by playing along with a recording of the group) and in public (by playing with the group).  Talk with others during a session (and before & after), asking “what do you think about what we've been doing, and want to do?”  During a song, listen actively, think creatively (about your options for helping the group make music), wisely evaluate your options, make quick decisions (to keep the music flowing), and enjoy whatever happens.    {the full section}

Improvising and Composing:  Sometimes improvisation leads to composition, when a musician really likes a particular melodic improvisation so they continue improving it until they decide to preserve it (with writing or recording) as a composition that can be repeated later.  Basically, improvising is quick composing that's done in real time;  and composing is slow improvising (done over a longer period of time), is slow-motion improvising.     { Many famous classical composers – Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, and others – were skillful improvisers. }    {the full section}

Using a Musical Instrument:  You can make music with your internal instrument (by singing, with or without words) or an external instrument.  Do experiments with your instrument, “try things” to explore its possibilities, to discover how it allows & inspires musical improvisations,* and take advantage of these features.  If you play different instruments, improvise with each and compare the results.     {* e.g. What is different in its “easy keys” and “tough keys”? }    {the full section}

a general principle, useful in all areas of life:  Whenever you discover something that helps you “do it better” (as in my observation that singing-without-words helps me improvise more effectively), take advantage of the opportunity to improve yourself.

Preparing to Improvise:  I compare two definitions of improvising — “to invent with no preparation” (this isn't what you want) and (yes!) “to invent variations on a melody or create new melodies” — and recommend one because high-quality improvisation, in music and in other areas of life, requires long-term preparation to build a solid foundation of skills (learned from experiences) if you want to fully develop your mental-and-physical potential.    { Effective planning – that includes preparation, and planning to improvise – is illustrated by Vin Scully. }    {the full section}

Improvising in Life:  The ability to effectively improvise – by using principles from music improv plus the “yes and” of comedy improv – is useful in all areas of life, for conversational improvisation and many other practical applications.    {the full section}

Ideas from Other Teachers:  I have great respect for other music educators.  They have taught me a lot, and you also can learn from them.  I've discovered many excellent educational resources on the web – made by excellent music teachers who are sharing useful ideas – and I'm linking to some of their web-pages and videos.    {the full section}

Using a Colorized Keyboard to

Learn Theory, and Play Music by

making Harmony-Guided Melodies    {the sections}

Because there are mutually supportive connections between logically learning theory and creatively playing music, we can use colors to improve both.  The diagram's colors (red-blue-green) can help you learn better so you will understand the musical patterns — they're the relationships between notes that produce musical harmonies, that are described in music theory — and your musical understandings will help you play better, whether you are seeing the red notes (and blue notes, green notes) while playing a colorized keyboard, or are finding them on a black & white keyboard, or on another instrument guitar, trumpet,...) after you translate the ideas by thinking, for example, that “play the red notes” means “[play these notes]” for your instrument.   /   Because you can "translate the ideas... for your instrument," my red-blue-green diagrams can help you learn music theory even if you use don't use a colorized keyboard for making music.

When you play only red notes — by either seeing them on a colorized keyboard, or finding them for your instrument — everything you do will sound good, will sound harmonious because the red notes are the chord notes of a harmonious chord.  To make your music more interesting, play mainly red notes but also some non-red notes, both white and black.  Then alternate time-periods of only red with times of only blue and only green – doing experiments to produce many different chord progressions – before you move onward to alternating mainly red with mainly blue and mainly green.  And you can hear multi-red (and multi-blue, multi-green) by playing two or more red notes at the same time, with alternating of colors.  For each activity, explore the wide variety of melodic & harmonic & rhythmic possibilities, listen and learn, enjoy.     { There are two sets of bars, lower & higher, for playing with the red-blue-green of major & minor. }

This collection of sections is one of my favorite parts of the page.  It has many fascinating ideas & activities — to help you understand music theory and explore possibilities for music making — and I hope you also will enjoy it.  The rest of its outline contains some phrases-with-links, and some full sentences.

your music playing:  You can play creatively with mainly red-blue-green notes and also with only black notes – e.g. by making one become a home-note – and while using any instrument you can continue playing mainly red-blue-green (without theory) and (with theory) you can do deeper dives to explore Playing Chords to Make Harmony & Using Harmony to Make Melodies & Using Harmony (with a Chord Progression) to Make Melodies & playing mainly red (and mainly blue, mainly green) instead of only red, by using target notes and passing notes.   { by learning theory & playing music you will develop your visual-cognitive-muscle memories. }

my customizing:  To make my colorized diagrams more useful for different educational purposes – to help you improve different aspects of your playing and learning – there are 17 customized variations, ranging from simplicity (showing only colors) to complexity (with many details).

your theory learning:  You can combine your discoveries and my explanations – with you deciding “how much of each to use” – when you learn music theory (by reviewing old knowledge and/or learning new knowledge) with a “Crash Course in Music 101” that includes...  { the logical patterns of three main chords in the keys of C Major and A Minor plus C Minor so you can use Minor within Major during a 50s Progression, or during a Blues Progression by using two styles that focus on using chord-notes and/or scale-notes }  and  { Minor Pentatonic & Major Pentatonic }  and  { Chord Structures - major & minor, with inversions, 7ths, and other variations }.

your process of learning:  [[ iou – hopefully this will be written soon, in April 2024.  Here are some ideas that might be used: ]]   {visual simplicity:  all - no more, no less – spatial simplicity, with 1-d linear, not 2-d as with guitar}  {reviewing old vs learning new}  {discovery learning can be educationally effective and personally satisfying}   [[ ideas to use in the paragraph's INTRO – examine this question about the “how” of learning-and-playing, to explore the fascinating process that happens whenever you think-and-do, and when you improve the quality of your thinking-and-doing by learning from experience. ]]

your colorizing:  Do you want to colorize a keyboard, and use it for making music?    { pros & cons – reasons to decide yes or no. }   { if yes, how to do it. }

iou – Soon, maybe in August 2024, I'll finish writing this box.

Although these summaries are small, each set-of-sections is fairly large, with plenty of useful information.

Improvising with Chord Progressions:  [[ improvising with chord progressions (with 12-Bar Blues & 50s Progression & more) ]] -- these sections probably will be moved into a separate page, and I'll suggest that you read newer versions in my Summary Page and Details Page;   but "more Music Theory" (below) will remain in this page, because it's more thorough than anything in my new pages.

more Music Theory:  [[ later, maybe in August, I'll summarize ideas from the "more" that supplements earlier Music Theory, with more about major & minor & modal & chromatic & pentatonic, all with octaves — plus The Circle of Fifths.

The Wonders of Music:  This page begins with appreciation by recognizing that "music is one of the best things in life... whether we're just listening to music or we also are creatively making music."  IF I was forced to choose, instead of listening to only my own music I would rather hear only the higher-quality music made by other people, in the creative combinations (of melody, harmony, and rhythm, plus arranging) they have cleverly invented.  {some examples}    Fortunately this IF isn't an either-or limitation, so I enjoy their music and (even though the quality is lower) my music.  Both kinds of music are sources of joy, in different ways.

experiments and experiences:
try new musical ideas,

listen and learn.

Your experiments produce experiences that are opportunities for learning.  The main way you will improve your improvising is learning by doing, when you do musical experiments (you try new musical ideas) to produce new musical experiences so you can listen-and-learn.

When you do experiments, you can learn more effectively if you play...

 • often slow, sometimes fast,
 • with thinking, and without,
 • to seek new adventures,
 • expecting to improve, to grow.
 • aiming for quality in learning & performing.

   Let's look at each of these strategies (• • • • •) for learning more effectively.

• slow and fast:   When you play slowly it gives you more time to experiment, letting you be more creative in generating new musical ideas and doing them, along with the careful listening that will help you learn more from your experiences.  With slow playing you often will be more creative in generating ideas that would not happen with fast playing.   {update in July 2024: Instead of playing slow plus playing faster, I'm now calling these playing free plus playing along because the key difference between them is whether you're "playing along" with external rhythm-and-harmony, or are "playing free" without it, as described here.}   /   But sometimes playing faster is beneficial if this encourages you to just “let the music flow.”  And for long-term growth, it gives you habit-building practice in being consistently decisive with your music-making actions.    {e.g. developing rhythmic discipline by using a metronome lets you develop useful habits so you can help sustain the musical continuity when you're playing with a group.}

• thinking and not-thinking:   When you “think musically” – by using music theory, and trying to innovatively invent – this can help you make music, but “not thinking” also can help.  Therefore it's useful to do both, at different times.  How can you think musically?  You already know how, but hopefully this page can help you improve.  In parts of it, my goal is to help you develop a deeper understanding of music theory — it logically describes the musical patterns that we think “sound good” due to interactions between the physics of music and physiology of humans — by helping you learn from your discoveries and my explanations.  Sometimes you'll want to use what you know about music, to guide your making-of-music.  And at other times you'll want to just relax and “let the music flow” without consciously guiding it.  If you do both – by playing while thinking and without thinking – you can use your conscious musical knowledge and your subconscious musical knowledge, so you'll get benefits from both.

• seeking new adventures:   While you're improvising – whether you have a little experience or a lot, are a novice or expert – sometimes your music won't sound the way you wanted.  These mistakes are inevitable, are acceptable.  But a fear of making mistakes is unproductive when it reduces your pursuit of new musical adventures, if instead you are “playing it safe” to avoid mistakes.  This cautious attitude will hinder your progress in improving your improvising skills.  A long-term solution is to change your attitude.  A short-term solution is to do experiments in situations with low risk, like when you're alone and nobody (not you or anyone else) cares about the mistakes you make.  This will encourage a feeling that “no matter what happens, I'll be ok” and you will feel more free to do the creative experimenting that produces new experiences and new learning.    { the art of “playing through” mistakes }

• expecting growth:  In all areas of life, you can learn more effectively by developing and consistently using a better growth mindset, so — when you ask yourself “how well am I doing in this area?” and honestly answer “not well enough” — you are thinking “not yet” (instead of “not ever”) because you are confident that in this area of life (as in most areas, and all truly important areas) you can “grow” by improving your skills, when you invest intelligent effort.  An effective growth mindset combines honest accuracy (in self-perception) with optimism (about being able to grow & improve).

• learning & performing:   When you're improvising, a growth mindset encourages an intention to learn, so your current experiences will improve your future experiences.  You can aim for two kinds of goals, with different payoff-timings:  you can mainly want to do your best possible performing now (with a Performance Objective) so you're making high-quality music now, or you can mainly want to do your best possible learning now (with a Learning Objective that is an Education Objective) so you can improve your best possible performing later by making higher-quality music later.

The last three strategies – seeking new adventures, expecting growth, learning & performing – are general, are useful in all areas of life.  I've written more about these in the homepage of my website about Education for Problem Solving, where a problem is an opportunity to make something better, and you are problem solving whenever you make things better.  If you're curious and want to learn more about these ideas, here is how.  Two of the central ideas are...

getting more experiences and learning more from experiences:  With many strategies – playing slow & fast, with & without thinking, seeking new adventures – the goal is to get more experiences.  And when you have a growth mindset (expecting to improve) with a Learning Objective (wanting to learn so you will improve), the goal is to learn more from your experiences.

How can you learn more?  When you're "seeking new adventures" it can be useful to temporarily think "nobody (not me or anyone else) cares about the mistakes I make."  Temporarily.  But eventually you (and others) will "care about the mistakes" and you'll want to improve so you can be more consistent in making music that is interesting & enjoyable.  How?  You already know many ways, and with time & experiences, you'll learn more.  For me, one experience that was useful – for helping me “learn how to learn” – was learning how to ski.  You can read the story of how I didn't learn to ski (and then did) and how this helped me learn some useful principles:

 1) Insight and Quality Practice:  I learned how to ski well by doing it well (with high-quality practice that was effective for learning), not by making mistakes.  There was no fast improving until I discovered the insights [about making turns with control] that made my practicing effective so I could quickly develop improved skill:  insight → quality practice → skill.   Working as cooperative partners, insight and practice are a great team.  Together they're much better than either by itself. 

1.  2) Perseverance and Flexibility:  My morning ski runs weren't fun and I didn't learn much.  But I kept trying anyway, despite the risk of injury to body and pride.  Eventually this perseverance paid off.  Because I refused to quit in response to frustrating morning failures, I experienced the great joys of afternoon success.  But if I had continued practicing the old techniques over & over, without flexibly doing creative experiments with body-and-skis, I would have reinforced my ineffective techniques instead of learning the new way to turn.  Perseverance led to opportunities for additional experience.  Flexibility allowed the creative experimenting that produced insight and, with quality practice, improved skill. 

 Table of Contents 

Make Your Own Music:

Play By Ear  and  Improvise

Whenever you sing or play (with others or by yourself), you can either read sheet music (so you are translating the visual symbols into your musical actions) or play by ear (when you are translating your musical ideas into your musical actions) to make your own music.

Because this page is for improvisers, it emphasizes playing by ear, which you can do in many ways:  While you're listening to a song, sing along (or play along) by singing the melody as-is (so "your musical ideas" match those of the song's composer) or by changing it in any way you want,* or by “accompanying the melody” harmonically and/or rhythmically.  Or when you're alone in silence, without a song playing, you can sing a melody “from your memory” or you can invent your own melodies, by playing a keyboard and in other ways.

* When you're playing a melody by ear and you play it as-is with no changes, are you improvising?  No.*  But even when you don't change it, the melody is your musical idea because it's originating inside you – it's coming from your memory of the melody or your imagining of the melody – and you are playing by ear because you are not reading the melody from sheet music.     {* although you are not improvising while you're playing a melody as-is, you are playing by ear, and this is musically valuable because improving your playing-by-ear skill will help you improve your improvising skill }

Three Ways to Play By Ear (and Improvise)

1a)  sing:  When you become comfortable with singing, it's a great way to improvise, to make your own music, because it's an efficient connection between thinking and doing, with easy intuitive-and-automatic translating of your musical ideas (that you are imagining, consciously and/or subconsciously) into musical sounds.

1b)  sing without words:  When I want to modify a melody,* I find that when singing “tones without words” – or playing kazoo – it's easier to intuitively release fresh new ideas, with creative musical ideas tending to happen more often.  Therefore I do this (the essential action) and also (with an optional question) ask “why?”   /   * If I want to sing a familiar melody as-it-is with no changes, singing it with the lyric-words is easy and works well.  But to modify the melody, singing without words – just beginning each note with “d” – is better;  this simplicity (in my language) promotes complexity (in my improvising).   Of course, ymmv;  I've observed this happening with me, but you may find it easy to improvise while you're singing-with-lyrics.   /   Although “singing without words” is still singing, for me it's so different that I can consider it to be a different way to play, a third way, thus 1a and 1b.   

2)  play a musical instrument:  If you play an instrument with skill, this will help you improvise with skill, because (as with singing) your instrumental skill gives you an easy-and-automatic translation of musical ideas into musical sounds.

a useful general principle:  Whenever you discover something that helps you “do it better” (as in my observations of singing without words), take advantage of the opportunity to improve yourself.

more – using the special features of different instruments

 Table of Contents 

Using a Colorized Keyboard to

Learn Theory and Make Music

playing-and-learning with a keyboard:  One of the easiest ways to improvise is by using a keyboard.  No experience is needed.  Just begin pressing keys and making music.

playing-and-learning with a colorized keyboard:  All common keyboards are colorized with black & white.  Other colors (like the red-blue-green of this keyboard)* also can be useful when you are learning music theory and are playing music.  The colors will help you learn better so you will understand the musical patterns — they're the relationships between notes that produce musical harmonies, that are described in music theory — and these musical understandings will help you play better.     {* This logically-colorized keyboard – invented by me in the 1970's – is Copyright ©1998 by Craig Rusbult, all rights reserved.}

For you, a colorized keyboard can exist in two forms:  certainly in the diagrams of this page, and maybe also in a physical keyboard that you colorize.

Whether you want to make music by using a colorized keyboard, a black-and-white keyboard, or another instrument (trumpet, guitar,...), the diagrams can help you in two ways, when you learn logical musical patterns and play beautiful harmonious melodies.  How?

Now you have options.

You can...

• Read the green box below, to examine this question about the “how” of learning-and-playing, to explore the fascinating process that happens whenever you think-and-do, and when you improve the quality of your thinking-and-doing by learning from experience.

Or you can skip directly to playing, or to learning,

when you...

• play only the black notes, so – because it's impossible to “make a melodic mistake” – everything you do will sound good.  With this confidence, you can just relax and explore the melodic and rhythmic possibilities.     {more about playing with black notes}

• play only the red notes – with a keyboard you have colorized, or by finding “the red notes” on a regular black & white keyboard – so everything you do will sound very good, will sound harmonious because the red notes are the chord notes of a harmonious chord.  Soon you'll want to make your music more interesting by playing mainly red notes but also some non-red notes, both white and black.  Then alternate time-periods of only red with times of only blue and only green, changing the color whenever you want, to whatever new color you want.  While you're doing alternating-of-colors, you're doing experiments by making different chord progressions.  Your musical experiments produce new musical experiences so you can listen-and-learn.  Then for a wider variety of experiences – by shifting from only to mainly – alternate times of mainly red with mainly blue and mainly green.  You also can do multi-red by playing two (or more) red notes at the same time, plus multi-blue and multi-green.  .Explore the possibilities, listen and learn, enjoy!     {more about playing with red-blue-green notes}

or you can...

• learn – with your discoveries and my explanations – the essential patterns of Music Theory.

play only the black notes: Just play any way you want, listen and learn.  You don't need to worry about “making a melodic mistake” because everything you do will sound fairly good, so you can just relax and try different ways of playing with the notes.  But while you're experimenting and listening, you'll find that some sequential combinations are more useful (for purposes of enjoyment, personal expression, aesthetic appeal,...) so listen for these combinations, and have fun exploring the possibilities.  Do musical experiments (do something different) by playing with a variety of melodies, rhythms, and moods.    {imagery – imagining a lotus pond at sunset} home-notes:  A musically interesting way to explore is by using one kind of black note as a “home note” for your melodic wanderings.  How?  You can “play musical games” by starting with it, using it a little more often in your melodies, and ending with it.   /   After awhile, shift to another home note, and you'll be playing in a different pentatonic scale, with a different 5-note pattern.     { penta means five, first in classical Greek, then in Latin & many other languages. } discovering patterns:  Below, do you see a 5-note pattern that repeats?  And other repeating patterns?  How many different patterns can you find?     { a hint:  There are five patterns.  Each of these is a different 5-note scale. }   seeing the five scales:  When you study the keyboard's black notes, probably the first spatial pattern you'll see is the “group-of-2 and group-of-3” that repeats every 5 notes.  And there are other patterns;  if we call the first pattern “2-3” the others are 1-3-1, 3-2, 2-2-1, 1-2-2.  These five patterns (each beginning with a different home-note) form five pentatonic scales.  Each scale has five scale-notes.  And then another set of 5 scale-notes, beginning with “essentially the same note” an octave higher, so it is (they are) also “the same home note(s),” i.e. they are in the same group of home-notes.*  And then another 5, and so on, in the repeating pattern.    { another way to “see” and “mentally visualize” the 5 kinds of black notes }   {* Why am I mixing singular-it with plural-they, and describing home-note(s)? }   playing with a scale:  You can play “play musical games” by doing experiments with the 5 notes of a pentatonic scale.  How?  One musical strategy, among many possible, is to choose one kind of note as the homenote(s) and “emphasize” this kind of note by starting on one of them and occasionally returning to it (or them) — by playing “below it & above it” or “between them,” moving leftward or rightward, playing all black notes or skipping some — and ending on one of them.   /   Then change from one scale (with its home-note) to other scales (with other home-notes), and listen for the different “sounds” of the scales.*  Is there one (or two) that you think sound especially interesting and pleasing, thus more musically valuable?   { two commonly used "musically valuable" pentatonic scales }    /   * A simple way to compare "the different sounds of the scales" is to play a scale — by starting on the scale's home-note and playing the next 4 notes to its right, then returning downward with another 4 notes — and then play this up-and-down scale when using the home-note of another scale, while listening to their sounds.  Or compare only the 5-note ascending scales;  or only the descending scales. a common term with two meanings:  A scale can mean either a collection of 5 scale-notes (that can be played in any way)* or – with a narrower definition – playing all of the 5 scale-notes in consecutive sequence (without skipping any) beginning on a home-note and ending on a home-note.  These meanings are used above in the long paragraph's beginning & ending;  and even in the same sentence, if you "play this up-and-down scale" in "another scale." * different kinds of scales:  These pentatonic scales have 5 notes, but a major scale has 7, a chromatic scale 12, a blues scale 6, and there are other kinds of scales, plus modes.  And all can occur in 12 different keys;  e.g. we can play music by using a C Major Scale (in the Key of C) or a D Major Scale, or 10 other scales.   singular-yet-plural:  Yes, these are different, so my mixing of these — as in "home-note(s)" and "it (or them)" and in other ways — is grammatically illogical.  But it's musically logical because we think octave-notes are “essentially the same note(s)” when we hear them as isolated notes, although maybe not when they're heard in the context of other notes.   visual simplicity:  In each of the five pentatonic scales, all notes that are black – no more, no less – are in the scale.  Therefore it's easy to intuitively-instantly-correctly know all notes that ARE in the scale (they're black) and ARE NOT in the scale (they're white, are non-black so are non-scale).  This visual simplicity lets you focus your full attention on how you want to use the black notes for creatively making music.   /   Visual simplicity also is rewarding (musically & personally) when using a colorized keyboard for Using Harmony to Make Melodies.   play only the white notes: As with playing only the black notes, for awhile "just play any way you want, listen, and learn."  Then try using different notes as a home note, and listen for the different “musical sound” with each home-note.  Are there any that you think sound especially interesting and pleasing, thus more musically useful?     { home-notes for major & minor and 5 other musical modes }   TWO OPTIONS – first do Music Playing, or first do Music Theory:   You now can use a process of Discovery Learning for Music Playing (below) or (following it) for Music Theory.  The title includes "first" because with either choice I recommend doing both – so eventually it's AND rather than OR – with Music Playing followed by Music Theory, or doing both in reversed order.   Discovery Learning for Music Theory (discover patterns for Major & Minor)   1 – a colorized keyboard:   As you did above to find black-note patterns, study this “colorized keyboard” and search for white-note patterns in the colors (red, blue, green).  The letters (A B C D E F G) will be useful for describing these patterns in the commonly-used language of music.  Eventually you can compare your pattern-discoveries with my pattern-descriptions.  But I recommend that you first study for awhile — so you will discover the patterns for yourself, so your process of discovery learning will be more productive & enjoyable — before you read 2 - hints for searching and then 3 - musical patterns where I'll explain Major & Minor and more.     2 – hints for searching:   You already have discovered some patterns.*  Maybe all of those described later in "3 - musical patterns".  And more?  {* or maybe you knew the patterns when you began reading this section, due to your previous knowledge of music theory, so for you this will be review instead of discovery.}   Before you read my descriptions, you can think about these hint-questions, regarding the 4 rows of colored bars: 2a.  Below and above the letters (C D E F...) there are “lower” colored bars (in two rows) and “higher” colored bars (also in two rows).   /   • Temporarily ignore the Higher Bars, and focus on the Lower Bars.  First examine only the bottom row of Lower Bars;  what pattern(s) do you find?   /   • Then study the entire set of Lower Bars, including its bottom row & top row.  What repeating pattern(s) do you see in the red?  in the blue?  and green? You also can...  • ignore the two left-side notes (A,B) and focus on the other notes, from C-thru-C-to-C, and   • instead of "studying the entire set of Lower Bars" first search for patterns in only the red bars, and then in only blue bars, and only green bars – by ignoring the other colors, as in these diagrams – and then compare the three patterns (for red, blue, green) to decide if you see the the same pattern for all colors.   options:  You can read my explaining (below) for the Lower Bars, or continue your discovering with the Higher Bars.   2b.  Now study the Higher Bars.  As with the lower bars, you can focus on only red, and only blue, and only green.  Also, ignore the two far-right notes (B,C) and focus on A-thru-A-to-A. When you compare the Lower Bars & Higher Bars, what things are similar?  and different?   /   • In 2a, what pattern(s) did you find in the Lower-bottom row?  Do you also see this pattern in the Higher-bottom row?   /   • When you "study the entire set of Lower Bars" (in 2a), what patterns did you see (for red, blue,and green)?  Do you also see these patterns for the two rows of Higher Bars?   /   • In addition to the many similarities, what is different about the Lower Bars and Higher Bars?     {maybe you can “see the patterns” more easily when you imagine the diagram being extended rightward so it's twice as long;  or instead of imagining an extended keyboard, you can actually see it.}   These hint-questions, intended to help you find patterns, are answered below.   3 – musical patterns:  Probably you've found the main patterns, either with or without using the hints in 2a (for C Major) and 2b (for A Minor).  These musical patterns – they're relationships between notes – are used when making the music you commonly hear, whether it's classical, popular (in rock, folk, country, gospel,...) or jazz.  I'll describe these patterns in pictures and with words, in the common language of music.  For reasons that are physical & cultural, people enjoy hearing music when it's played in “major” keys and in “minor” keys.  The sound-and-feeling of major and minor is similar, yet a little different, and we enjoy both.  Here are some basic patterns, for...   the key of C Major:  As you see below, the scale-notes of C Major (C,D,E,F,G,A,B) are used in the scale of C Major — it's (C D E F G A B C), aka (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) — begins and ends on C, on its 1-note and its 8-note that (due to octaves) also is considered to be a 1-note.  {two meanings of "scale"}   The colors (red blue green) show “special notes” – the 1st & 4th & 5th notes of the scale (why?)* – that are used to form the main chords of C Major.  These chords (C Major, F Major, G Major) are usually abbreviated as (C, F, G) or – with generalized symbols that are used for major chords in all keys – as (I, IV, V), although others will call them (I, IV, V) without my colorizing. For each chord, the chord-notes are every other white note beginning with C (they're C D E F G, i.e. CdEfG) or with F (FgAbC) or with G (GaBcD).  And for each chord, the different-colored bars (they're red or blue or green) show that for "every other white note" the chord-notes (in a C-Chord or F-Chord or G-Chord) are the 1st & 3rd & 5th notes of a C-Scale or F-Scale or G-Scale.   The 1-note of each chord is called its root note, so the three main chords of C Major have root notes of C, F, G.   /   You can see these relationships below in each bottom row (showing the 1-3-5 for C or F or G) while every top row shows the “key context” with the scale notes (1234567) in the Key of C Major.   /   triads:  A basic chord* that has only three kinds of scale-notes (1 & 3 & 5, so it's not supplemented with extra notes) is called a triad.    {* the wide variety of triads} 1-3-5 notes in C-Major Chord     1-3-5 notes in F-Major Chord     1-3-5 notes in G-Major Chord     semitones & tones:  A semitone is the interval between any two adjacent notes, whether the two notes are white-white, white-black, or black-white;  if the interval is two semitones, it's defined to be one tone.  By using semitones, we can define the "every other white note" intervals more precisely:  the 1-to-3 interval (as in C-to-E) is 4 semitones, while a 3-to-5 interval (for example, E-to-G) is 3 semitones;  1-to-5 (e.g. C-to-G) is 7 semitones, 5-to-1 (G-to-C) is 5 semitones, and 1-to-1 (C-to-C) is the 12 semitones of an octave. * These notes (1,4,5) notes are “special” due to musical patterns – shown in a circle & table, and explained with words – that occur for physical reasons and artistic reasons. Because the term "scale" has two meanings, we use scale notes (1,2,3,4,5,6,7) to play a scale (12345671, aka 12345678) or if ascending-and-descending (123456787654321) where "8" is the C that's an octave above "1" – with both C's typically called a “1st note”. These paragraphs contain many important ideas, so you may want to re-read them, maybe several times.  This reviewing will help you master the concepts of music theory, so you understand more deeply, so your understanding is "internalized" in ways that let your knowledge of music be used more effectively in your playing of music.   In the diagrams above & below, some scale-notes (2,3,6,7) are gray, to help highlight other notes (1,4,5).  But all notes – the scale notes (white, labeled with red blue green) and non-scale notes (black) – can be useful for making melodies that are musically interesting and enjoyable.  Among the wide variety of ways that "all notes... can be useful" are by using flatted-thirds during 12-Bar Blues, and using a chord progression that includes both major chords & minor chords as in a "50's Progression."   We see similar patterns for... the key of A Minor:  Compared with C Major, in A Minor everything is the same (well, it's analogous) except it's shifted to the left by 2 notes, from C down to A.  Or you can view the shift as 5 notes rightward, from C up to A.  Below, you see that the scale of A Minor — it's (A B C D E F G A), aka (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1) — begins on A, its 1-note, using its scale-notes (1,2,3,4,5,6,7).  As with C Major, the “special notes” – the 1st & 4th & 5th notes of the scale – are used to form the main chords of A Minor.  These chords (A Minor, D Minor, E Minor) are usually abbreviated as (Am, Dm, Em) or the uncapitalized (i, iv, v);  but these chords are defined as (vi, ii, iii) when we're thinking-and-playing in C Major, because the defining (of a chord's position-number) is done relative to a different 1-note.  For each chord, the chord-notes are every other white note beginning with A (they're A B C D E, i.e. AbCdE) or with D (DeFgA) or with E (EfGaB). When we use semitones to more precisely define the chord-intervals of A Minor, we see that its 1-to-3 (C-to-Eb) is 3 semitones (defined as a minor third), while 3-to-5 (Eb-to-G) is 4 semitones (defined as a major third).  We also see these intervals in the chord of C Major, except the order is reversed, because 1-to-3 (C-to-E) is the 4 semitones of a major third, while 3-to-5 (E-to-G) is the 3 semitones of a minor third.  Both chords are harmonious, but they have different “sounds” due to the different order-of-intervals in a minor chord (it's minor 3rd, then major 3rd) and major chord (major 3rd, then minor 3rd).     {details about similarites & differences between chords that are major and minor} As with C Major, in A Minor the 1st-4th-5th notes are “special” for reasons that are physical and artistic.   terms:  It's called a keyboard because it has keys.  But in this page, usually instead of “red keys” (or “     keys”) I'm writing "red notes" to avoid the confusion that might occur if I say “use red keys to play in the key of C,” with "key" having two meanings.  One meaning (the keys on a keyboard) is physical, while the other (the keys in music theory) is conceptual.     Major and Minor: The scales of C Major and A Minor are related, but have different “musical sounds” due to changes in three notes.  It will be easiest to see the changes by comparing C Major with C Minor, so they're in this diagram, followed by A Minor.  The two minor scales have flatted notes that are a semitone below another note;  e.g. the pitch of Eb (E flat) is one semitone below E.     You can see:  • the notes that are in each scale (they have a yellow background) and (with gray or blue background) are not in the scale;   • the scale-notes (3,6,7) that have been changed in moving from C Major to C Minor.  The same 7 intervals-between-notes occur for the scales of C Minor and A Minor, but some of these intervals are different in C Major.  For example, the interval between "2" and "3" for a minor scale is 1 semitone, but for a major scale it's 2 semitones, which is 1 tone.    home notes (in keys and modes):  If you "play only the white notes" and use “C” as a home-note, you'll be playing in the key of C Major.  And if your home-note is “A” you're playing in the key of A Minor.  In these two keys – one major, one minor – the “sound of your music” will be similar, yet a little different in an interesting way.   /   Of course, you can use 7 home-notes, to play in 7 musical modes that include major & minor and 5 other modes.  Also, musicians can use 3 kinds of minor scales – natural, harmonic, and melodic.   using Minor within Major You can do this in two ways.  How? A common technique is using a chord progression that includes both major chords & minor chords (as in 50's Progressions) to combine the “musical flavors” of major & minor, to make beautiful music that is interesting and enjoyable. Another way (often used during a Blues Progression) is to use a relational pattern between the “special” scale-notes (1,4,5 - C,F,G) and the notes that have blue backgrounds.  Do you see the pattern? If not yet, here is another hint:  Think about the every-other-note forming of chords by using the 1st-3rd-5th notes in the scale of each chord's root-note;  what chord-notes are modified in the blue-shaded notes?   /   the patterns:  It can be musically useful – especially when playing 12-Bar Blues – to use the flatted third in melodies you make while playing along with the main chords (I, IV, V) in a progression of major chords.  In the key of C Major these notes are Eb (for a C Chord, the I-Chord), Ab (for F Chord, the IV-Chord), and Bb (for G Chord, the V-Chord).  In this way an improvised melody that is structured by a chord progression – like 12-Bar Blues in C Major – can use mainly chord notes (in the I, IV, or V) and also non-chord scale notes (in C Major, the scale notes are all of the white notes) from its Major Scale, and some non-scale notes (these are all of the black notes in C Major) from its Minor Scale, especially the flatted third, b3.   /   tritones:  Another interesting note is the Gb that is a flatted fifth (b5), aka a tritone because the interval of C-to-Gb (or Gb down to C, or Gb up to the higher-octave C) is three tones, or six semitones.  Because it's “almost G” this note can be used to produce temporary dissonance that then can be resolved when you move away from Gb, to G or to another note.  You can hear consonance when you play C-and-G (or C-and-F), by contrast with the dissonance of C-and-Gb.   /   A tritone is the interval of 6 semitones, so an isolated Gb-note is not a tritone.  But Gb can function as a tritone in the context of C Major because — when Gb is combined with C (the 1-note of a C Scale), especially when these two notes are played simultaneously, but also (sort of, at least psychologically) when they're played sequentially — the interval of C-to-Gb [or Gb to C] forms a tritone, i.e. a tritone interval.   three approaches to improvising: [[ iou – Soon, but not until August 2024 (or later), here I'll more-fully describe three approaches to improvising melodies during chord progressions, like 12-Bar Blues;  • My pages emphasize chord-based (i.e. arpeggio-based) improvising.  • But some skillful musicians do scale-based improvising, and in late-May I'll link to pages & videos about it.  The diagram below is useful for both approaches, for arpegio-based and scale-based, because the main blues scale is the minor pentatonic scale – with the b3 and b7 making it "minor" – plus the b5, and these three notes (b3 b5 b7, the flatted-notes in a blues scale) are featured in the diagram.   /   • Another popular way to improvise is melody-based, by inventing variations of a melody. ]] [[ iou – Soon, maybe in April 2024, I'll make three diagrams — for improvising blues during a C-Chord, F-Chord, and G-Chord — because the diagram below has "too much information" and you won't be thinking "red AND blue AND green" you'll know which chord is playing so you'll be thinking "red" or "blue" or "green". ]]  Therefore I've eliminated my earlier iou, Soon I'll write a better description of how the diagram below has lots of “minor within major” information for each chord, for C and F and G: and instead will "write a better description" of the 3 new diagrams, explaining the importance of shapes — the ovals (a big oval for each flatted-third, small oval for each flatted-fifth tritone), and squares (for each flatted-seventh) — and how to use them.  Currently another page has a more-coherent description (and some examples) for two ways that I think-and-play while improvising melodies with 12-Bar Blues.  The first is “thinking classical” and the second – “thinking blues” – is described in this page, in "using Minor within Major" [[ iou – this paragraph has some phrases that describe "three approaches to improvising," and in early June I'll combine paragraphs (this one and the one above) -- three styles of "blues improvising" (by focusing on chord-note arpeggios and/or blues scales and/or a melody) give you three kinds of improvising tools – chords & scales & melody + combos – to work with, to make music with.   /   In these two ways — with chord progressions that include major chords & minor chords, and by using flatted thirds & fifths & sevenths — creative musicians (including you) can use “minor sounds” while playing in a major key.  These two ways to creatively combine the “musical flavors” of major & minor are explored more deeply in creative uses of passing notes and in 12 Bar Blues and 50's Progressions.   {you also can use other notes as passing notes to travel between target notes} ]]     Major and Minor for Pentatonic Scales: Earlier I suggest listening to the five different pentatonic scales, and ask "Is there one (or two) that you think sound especially interesting and pleasing, thus more musically valuable?"  Although all five of the 5-note scales can be useful, the most-used "musically valuable" scales are Major Pentatonic and Minor Pentatonic, with these two home-notes: It's easy to play these two pentatonic scales due to visual simplicity because "all notes that are black – no more, no less – are in the scale" and "it's easy to intuitively-instantly-correctly know all notes that ARE in the scale (they're black) and ARE NOT in the scale (they're white)" so "you can focus your full attention on how you want to use the black notes for creatively making music."  And using another kind of visual simplicity, you can... use Pentatonic Scales to improvise within C Major:  The visual simplicity of my keyboard with colorizing (red, blue, green) makes it easy to play in the key of C Major so it's also useful to know each pentatonic scale in the key of C Major:   These pentatonic scales have different “sounds” for two reasons:  because one is Major, the other is Minor, with each containing a 3-note that in Major Pentatonic is 3 so it's defined as being major, but is b3 to define the minor of Minor Pentatonic;  and also because their spacings are different, with each having all three chord-notes (the 1-3-5 of a C-Major Chord, and 1-b3-5 of a C-Minor Chord) but differing in the other two notes (they're 2-6 for Major Pentatonic, but 4-b7 for Minor Pentatonic).  When you're improvising melodies in the key of C Major,* both pentatonic scales (major & minor) are musically useful, and are often featured in one of the three common ways to improvise.    {* And both can be useful if you're playing in C Minor.  Or in A Minor, using its own pentatonics. }     Chord Structures  (major, minor, and others) Musicians can produce a wide variety of chords, to help us make music that is interesting and enjoyable.  For example, we can play a... major chord:  As explained earlier, for a chord of C Major {C} "the chord-notes are every other white note beginning with C (they're C D E F G, i.e. CdEfG)" and these "are the 1st & 3rd & 5th notes of a C Major Scale," so it's C-E-G.   /   And by analogy, "the chord notes (in a C-Chord or F-Chord or G-Chord) are the 1st & 3rd & 5th notes of a C-Scale or F-Scale or G-Scale."   /   In addition to the major chords for these notes (C,F,G) the other 9 notes – C# (aka Db), D# (aka Eb), and so on – also have major chords;  each is made, as with C Major, from the 1st-3rd-5th notes of its major scale.  Every chord is the same, it just has all notes shifted upward (or downward) by the same amount, by "transposing" the chord. minor chord:  Similarly, a chord of C Minor {Cm} has the 1st-3rd-5th notes a C Minor Scale, so it's C-Eb-G.   {where Eb is E flat, is a flatted third}   chord inversions:  [[ iou – Soon, maybe in June, here I'll briefly describe the chord-inversions that I encourage you to explore and later describe with more detail plus tips for more exploring. ]]   seventh chords – Modern popular music (country, rock, blues, jazz,...) often uses seventh chords.  A basic major chord – major or minor – has three notes (1 3 5) with intervals of a third (either major or minor), and it's called a triad.  A seventh chord adds another note.  The adding can be done in several ways, to form a... major seventh chord:  A chord of C Major Seventh {Cmaj7} is “C E G B” by adding the seventh note of a C Major Scale, so it's “1 3 5 7”. dominant seventh chord:  A chord of C Dominant Seventh {C7} is “C E G Bb” by adding the flatted-seventh note of a C Major Scale, so it's “1 3 5 b7”.   /   In popular music, C7 (not Cmaj7) is most commonly used, especially for the G-Chord that often is {G7} instead of {G};  this produces a more dramatic “resolution” when the G7 is followed by C.  Why?  It's partly because G7 has dissonance, due to the tritone interval (of 6 semitones) between E and Bb.  Therefore the dramatic resolution is produced with two factors, with dissonance (in G7) followed by consonance (in C), and with a G (the V-chord of C Major) followed by C (the I-chord of C Major, the home-chord).   /   And yes, the common notation is illogical — because C7 doesn't have the 7-note, instead it has the b7-note — but is convenient because the simpler notation {C7} is used more often than the awkward notation {Cmaj7};  and it allows the use of {Cmin7} for a... minor seventh chord:  A chord of C Minor Seventh {Cmin7} is “C Eb G Bb” by using the flatted-third (b3, Eb) of a C Minor Scale, and also using the flatted-7 (b7, Bb), so it's “1 b3 5 b7”.   other chords – They occur because there are many ways to "produce a wide variety of chords."  These other chords won't be mentioned again in this page, but they do exist and are sometimes used "to help us make music that is interesting and enjoyable" when we produce musical tension and then musically resolve it.  And if you continue studying music theory, you'll hear about these chords (and others) so I'll describe them here.  For example, ninth chord:  These begin with a seventh chord, and add the ninth.  Thus, a chord of C Major Seventh {C E G B} becomes "C E G B D" in a C Major Ninth {Cmaj9} by adding the ninth note of a C Major Scale (CDEFGABCD).  Similarly, a C Dominant Seventh {C7, C E G Bb} becomes "C E G Bb D" in a C Dominant Ninth {C9}." diminished chord:  We convert a chord of C Minor into a C Diminished {C°, aka c°, Cdim, or other names} by diminishing the G (making it lower, Gb) so it becomes "C Eb G#" and is "1 b3 5b". augmented chord:  We convert a chord of C Major into a C Augmented {C+, aka other names} by augmenting the G (making it higher, G#) so it becomes "C E G#" and is "1 3 5#".    Table of Contents

Discovery Learning for Music Playing – Part 1

Part 2 combines Music Playing with Music Theory.  Part 1 is only Music Playing, and this will work well because although Music Theory is very useful, it isn't necessary.  Whether or not you know why the harmony works (by knowing the music theory), you can use the musical patterns of this colorized keyboard to make harmonious melodies.  How?  First play only red notes.  After awhile, play mainly red notes, but also some non-red notes that are white or black.  Then play only blue, and mainly blue.  And only green, mainly green.  For each color, do musical experiments that produce new musical experiences.  Play with a variety of melodies and rhythms.  Have fun exploring the possibilities, listen and learn.

Maybe you have been doing this already, but if not you now can begin to use a method that's a favorite of almost all musicians, by mixing red & blue & green.  How?  For awhile play only red, then for awhile only blue, then back to only red or onward to only green;  change the color whenever you want, to whatever new color you want.  To expand the scope of your explorations, shift from "only" to "mainly" by alternating time-periods of mainly red with only blue and only green.   /   In the diagrams below (with RED NOTES, BLUE NOTES, GREEN NOTES) in each lowest row you'll see one kind of note;  make this note your home-note (by “musically emphasizing it” as explained earlier) during each time period, when you're playing mainly red notes or mainly blue notes or mainly green notes.  As you gain more experience with mixing the colors – red, blue, green, black – you'll be learning from your experiences, becoming more skillful with improvising music that is interesting and enjoyable, by making harmonious melodies.     {different styles of improvising:  your improvising can be mainly chord-based (as when using home-notes) or scale-based or melody-based.}

First play mainly  RED NOTES,

then mainly  BLUE NOTES,

and mainly  GREEN NOTES.

playing chords to make harmony:  If you haven't done this already, you can play two or more red notes at the same time, to form a harmonious chord.  Have fun exploring the different ways you can do this, to form a variety of red-note chords.  You also can do experiments with blue-note chords and green-note chords.  Then alternate times of red chords and blue chords and green chords, exploring possibilities by playing different color-sequences that are different chord progressions.     {more about experimenting with chords}

You now have TWO OPTIONS FOR TIMING, for how to combine playing with theory so you will continue improving your skill in making melodies by using harmony.  One option is to first improve your Music Theory, below in the gray box.  Or you can first improve your Music Playing, building on Music Playing, Part 1 (without Theory) (above) by adding Music Playing, Part 2 (with Theory).     { Or use the Table of Contents to find other options. }

Discovery Learning for Music Playing – Part 2

Part 1 was “activities for discovery learning” with very little explaining, and no theory.  If you haven't already done those activities you can do them (or review them) now, or continue reading-and-doing here.

The rest of this section describes activities for using colors (red, blue, green) to make melodies by using harmony.  The first kind of melody-making activities is for C Major, when – by mentally changing the actual keyboard (left) into an imagined keyboard (center), by ignoring the two rows of Higher Bars – you'll use only the two rows of LOWER BARS.  Later you can do these activities for A Minor by ignoring the Lower Bars and using only the HIGHER BARS.  And you can use all four rows (Lower + Upper) to play in C Major and supplement its Major Chords with its Minor Chords.     { If you're wondering “what are C Major & A Minor? Major Chords & Minor Chords?” and you want to know, do Discovery Learning for Music Theory. }

The colorized keyboard has 2 rows of Higher Bars and 2 rows of Lower Bars:

first, for C Major ignore the Higher Bars, use only LOWER BARS.

later, for A Minor ignore the Lower Bars, use only HIGHER BARS.

playing with red-blue-green:  The most common way to make music – classical, popular (in all areas), and jazz – is to use chord progressions, because this is an effective way to create harmonies-and-melodies that are enjoyable & interesting.  In the activities below, eventually you will use chord progressions to make “harmonious melodies” by alternating times of playing mainly red-bar notes (but also some blue, green, black) and mainly blue-bar notes (but also some red, green, black) and mainly green-bar notes (but also some red, blue, black) to make music with creative improvisation.  But on our way to "eventually" first we'll begin at a beginning, when you look at only the LOWER BARS and you...

Play only the red notes so you can...

• Play Chords to Make Harmony:   You will hear beautiful simultaneous harmony when you play 2 or 3 (or more) notes with red bars at the same time, because these notes (C E G) are the notes of a C Major Chord.  You can do experiments with harmonious chords by playing many different combinations of red notes.  Play two notes, or three, or more.  Try using different notes as the lowest note of your chord, and the highest note, to form different chord inversions.  And instead of playing all red notes (between the lowest & highest), omit one or more.  Have fun exploring the possibilities, listen and learn.   /   Play Chords to Make Harmony - Part 2

harmony in chords and melodies:  The red notes (C E G) are the notes of a C Major Chord.  You can use these chord-notes to make harmonious chords, and also harmonious melodies.  When these notes are played together either simultaneously (in a chord) or sequentially (in a melody) the combination will sound good, i.e. it will sound harmonious.  Why?  These two kinds of harmony are related, and are produced by the wonderful ways that physics (of musical sound waves) interacts with physiology (of ears), and with memory during a sequential melody.  You can Play Chords to Make Harmonies (above) and...

• Use Harmony to Make Melodies:  When you sequentially play only the red notes – they're C E G, the notes of a C-Major Chord – you'll be making “harmonious melodies” by using sequential harmony.  As with playing only black notes, when you play only these chord-notes it's impossible to “make a melodic mistake” because everything you do will sound good, so you can just relax and explore the many possibilities for improvising.  But although “only red” is always harmoniously pleasant, eventually it will become boring.  Therefore you'll want to do experiments (slowly & creatively) by supplementing the red notes with non-red notes (both white & black) so you're playing “mainly red” but are using all colors, red blue green black.  Be creative in your exploring of possibilities, listen and learn.  And you also can learn by using ideas (above and below) about creative experimenting.

• Use Harmony (with a Chord Progression) to Make Melodies:  You probably have been doing this already, but if not you now can begin to use a method that's a favorite of almost all musicians, by mixing red & blue & green.  How?  You make chord progressions by alternating time-periods of only red (or mainly red) with only blue (or mainly blue) and only green (or mainly green), changing the color whenever you want, to whatever new color you want.  Below, each of the lowest rows (with RED NOTES, BLUE NOTES, GREEN NOTES) has one kind of note;  make this note your home-note (by “musically emphasizing it” as explained earlier) during each time period, when you're playing mainly red notes or mainly blue notes or mainly green notes.  As you gain more experience with mixing the colors (red, blue, green, black) you'll be learning from your experiences, becoming more skillful with improvising music that is interesting and enjoyable, by making harmonious melodies.     {more about using harmony to make melodies}

target notes and passing notes – Part 1

We'll begin by looking at one way to define target notes (to emphasize in your melody), by choosing...

the notes of a major chord:  As you see below, a harmonious major chord is formed by simultaneously playing three notes (the 1st, 3rd, 5th) of a major scale.  As shown in the bottom row of the left-side diagram, a C Chord (C E G) is formed by the "1 3 5" notes of a C Scale.  Similary, in the center diagram an F Chord (F A C) uses the "1 3 5" notes of its F Scale.  And on the right, a G Chord (G B D) uses the "1 3 5" notes of its G Scale.

Play mainly  RED NOTES,

then mainly  BLUE NOTES,

then mainly  GREEN NOTES.

using home notes during red & blue & green:  As explained earlier, you can "make this note [C or F or G] your home note – by musically emphasizing it – during each time period."  What is "this note"?  Above, it's the only note in each lowest row, which is C when you're playing mainly red, is F during mainly blue, and G during mainly green.  /  This could be a reason to include two other keys — F Major & G Major (and maybe also D Minor & E Minor, for using minor within major) — to supplement your “specializing keys” of C Major and A Minor, plus C Minor.  Also, Major Pentatonic and Minor Pentatonic.   { iou – here I'll say "this is one of two common improvising styles, done by focusing on chord-notes (recommended in this section) or scale-notes" that are described more fully in two styles of blues-improvising. - plus using the melody as a basis for improvising.}

target notes and passing notes:  A common way to musically emphasize the special notes – in C Major they're C,F,G, the 1,4,5 – is by forming melodies that use mainly the chord-notes of I,IV,V chords.  But to make their melody more interesting, musicians also include some non-chord notes, both white (in the scale) and black (out of the scale).  A common musical technique – using flatted thirds – is one way to use non-chord notes, but isn't the only way.  A general melody-making technique is to move between two target notes (usually they're chord notes) by playing one or more passing notes.  How?

You can answer this question for yourself, by discovering how, by experimenting and listening-learning.  For example, try different ways of moving from one target note (E) to another target note (G) by using one passing note (you can do this in two ways) and then using two passing notes (in two ways).  [[ iou – soon, maybe in April, I'll make this section shorter-and-simpler to encourage more self-discovery, by “wrapping it up” here, then linking to the details in Part 2 (some now are below, others will be added) by saying “if you want to dive more deeply and learn more, go to this section." ]]   Of these four ways to connect the two target notes, I think three sound good. [[ iou – part of the "wrapping up" will be asking "what do you think?" instead of this "declaring what I think." ]]   [[ AND I'll connect this section with ways to use minor within major. ]]   [[ the parts that will be re-located to "Part 2" are...]]   When you do rhythmic experimenting, you may agree with me that one of these ways (E, F-sharp, G) sounds better when F# is played for a shorter time, because F# is a non-scale note that produces some “dissonant tension” that becomes too tense if the dissonant F# is played for too long.  I think one melodic phrase — "E, F-sharp, G" (commonly abbreviated as E, F#, G), which is aka "E, G-flat, G" (i.e. E Gb G) — sounds especially good, using a 4-note chromatic run with semitones.  You may find it useful to think of the second target note as a destination, of a short musical journey, as destinations, and the passing notes as the journey.   [[ iou – i'll also suggest using a non-chord by going to it (or away from it) in a large leap (or medium-large leap) instead of a small chromatic step. ]]

Of course, your melodies can use many different pairs of target notes.  In addition to “E     G” (above) you can link “G     E” or “C     E” and “E     C” or (by skipping the in-between chord note of E) “C     G” and “G     C” (using the lower-C) or (using the higher-C) “G     C” or “C     G” or... other possibilities.  And each of these 8 pairs can be connected in many ways, by using different combinations of passing notes, and (sometimes) using them in different sequences.

Your passing notes can connect the target notes by playing “between them” as in these four ways.  And of course you can find many different pairs of target notes, like "G    E" or   And in ways that are more complex than simple “passing” you can play “below and above” both (as in “E D A G”) or below-and-above the second target note (as with “E F A G” or “E F Ab G” or “E F A Ab G” or “E F A B G” or “E F A C G” or “E F A B C G”) or... play any of the many other possibilities.

[[ iou – Sometime, maybe in November 2023, I'll temporarily "wrap up" what's above, and will continue developing it. ]]

[[ iou – There will be a short set-of-sections about improvising in A Minor.  It will be short because everything – all musical activities, and the music theory – will be analogous to what's above with C Major. ]]

Here are some details — maybe TMI (more info than you need to know, or want to know) so feel free to skip it — that we find when...

comparing major chords with minor chords:  What are the similarities & differences?  The basic chords of C Major and A Minor are similar — each is every other white note (the 1-3-5 notes of the chord's key-scale) and maybe an octave note — but are not identical, so they have different “musical sounds.”  Why?  We can understand the chords more deeply by looking at their semitone intervals.  In a chord of C Major, the 1-to-3 interval (C-to-E) is 4 semitones (it's defined as a major third by musicians), and its 3-to-5 interval (E-to-G) is only 3 semitones (a minor third).  A chord of A Minor has the same two intervals, but in reversed order;  its 1-to-3 (A-to-C) is 3 semitones (minor third), and its 3-to-5 (C-to-E) is 4 semitones (major third).  Both chords have the same intervals of 1-to-5 (C-to-G or A-to-E) with 7 semitones (defined as a perfect fifth), and 5-to-8 (G-to-C or E-to-A) with 5 semitones (perfect fourth), and 1-to-8 (C-to-C or A-to-A) with 12 semitones (octave).   /   a summary:  the third-intervals (1-to-3, 3-to-5) are identical but with reversed order, is major-then-minor in a major chord, but minor-then-major in a minor chord;  all other intervals — the fifth-interval (1-to-5), fourth-interval (5-to-8), octave-interval (1-to-8) — are identical.

Play Chords to Make Harmony – Part 2

Part 1 encouraged you to "Have fun exploring the possibilities. ... Do experiments with harmonious chords by playing many different combinations of red notes.  Play two notes, or three, or more.  Try using different notes as the lowest note of your chord, and the highest note, to form different chord inversions.  And instead of playing all red notes (between the lowest & highest), skip one or more. ... Listen and Learn."  Here in Part 2 we'll analyze the possibilities in a series of observations and actions.

• Look at the three red-note patterns:  Notice that the first three red notes have an “every other note” spacing of 2-and-2.  But the next three red notes have a wider spacing of 2-and-3.  Looking rightward, the spacing changes to 3-and-2 for the next set of three red notes.  And looking further right, it's back to 2-and-2, repeating the first pattern except it's an octave higher.

• Listen to the three red-note patterns:  Play each spacing-pattern, and listen.  Each pattern is a different chord inversion that produces a different chord, with a sound that is similar (because you're playing only red notes) yet is different (due to the different spacings).

• Listen to red-note melodies:  Experiment with each spacing-pattern by playing its 3 notes, one note at a time in a melody, and listen.  Play the three notes of each spacing-pattern in several different sequences of notes, and listen.  Compare the different sounds of the melodies you're making, when you change the spacing-pattern and/or note-sequence.    { If you play red-note melodies with four notes or more, you'll return to free experimenting with no structure except only-red. }

  terms for chord inversions:  These three spacing-patterns (2-and-2, 2-and-3, 3-and-2) have common names (Root Position, First Inversion, Second Inversion) or (Root Position, 2nd Inversion, 3rd Inversion) but I think two of these terms are un-intuitive, although I do like root position where the root in C Major is its 1-note, C.  Instead I think it's more intuitively-meaningful to define each chord by its lowest note, so they're called (1-Base, 3-Base, 5-Base);  or by specifying the ordering of the notes, by calling them (135, 351, 513).  The final kind of term can be generalized to include chords that skip a note, as in 5351 or 5311.

  Of course, you also can use these observations-and-actions to form chords that use non-red notes — so you'll be forming different inversions for many kinds of chords (not just for the red notes of a C Major Chord) — when you...

• experiment with non-red patterns:  Play a 2-and-2 chord with red notes, then move your hand one note rightward and play this chord.  {terms: using our labels for notes, you're changing from a CEG-chord to a DFA-chord, when all three notes move rightward – and thus “upward in pitch” – by one note.}   Continue moving your hand, and you'll play 7 kinds of chords before returning to the first pattern.  In these 7 chords, the number of red notes varies (it can be 3, 2, 1, or 0) and each chord will have a different sound, but all will be fairly pleasant.  Then instead of always moving 1 note rightward, change the amount of movement (so it's 1,2,3,4,...) and its direction (so sometimes it's rightward but sometimes is leftward).  And listen.

• continue experimenting:  Do these explorations with a spacing of 2-and-3.  And with 3-and-2.  Then blend all of these, so you're using all spacings (2-and-2, 2-and-3, 3-and-2), with movements of differing amounts & directions.  Enjoy your experimenting, listen and learn.  Of course, you also can play many kinds of chords with two notes;  or with four notes, and more.  You can do a wide variety of experiments with chords, and even use chords to make a melody. {iou - soon, "use chords to make a melody" will be a link to a simple “chord melody" I'll play & record.}

  These musical experiments (done with red and non-red) will produce a wide variety of musical experiences.  In fact, you'll be playing all chords of C Major ( I, ii, iii, IV, V, vi ) in all of their inversions.*  You'll hear a wide variety of harmonies, to help you listen-and-learn.   /   When you look at one set of bars – one color in the Lower Row or Higher Row – do you see the three patterns?  i.e. the 2-and-2 (Root Position, 1-Base, 135), 2-and-3 (3-Base, 351), 3-and-2 (5-Base, 513)?    /   * You also will be playing all chords of A Minor with all inversions.  But due to our change of perspective – literally it's our change of homenote – in the key of A Minor we call them different names ( i III iv v VI VII ) even though they're the same chords.

Here is another view of these chords, with both kinds – Major & Minor – on the same line.  In some ways it's simpler, but in other ways is more complex.  It's a different perspective, which can be mentally interesting and musically useful.

As you've noticed, changing the order-of-notes makes a big difference in the sound of a chord, especially in the context of other chords, so note-orders affect the sound of a chord progression.  Here are two simple examples, using notes that span two octaves;  we'll call the notes FGABCDEfgabcde.   First, listen to a two-chord progression of I-iv (it's the beginning of a I-vi-IV-V “50s Progression”) with a I-chord (C Major) followed by vi-chord (A Minor) when it's played in three ways, as (CGE then CEa) and (CGE then ACE) and (CEG then ace), with each version of I-vi producing a different sound.  Next, compare the entire I-vi-IV-V when it's played as (CEG, ace, fac, gbd) and as (CEG, ACE, FAC, GBD);  the overall sound of each progression is very different, even though in each version all of the chords are “essentially the same” in one way (because they're all played in Root Position, aka 1-Base or 135);  but they're not the same in all ways, because even though notes that are an octave apart (F and f, G and g, A and a,...) sound "essentially the same" when they're the only two notes we hear, when we hear these octave-notes in the musical context of other notes, they can produce very different sounds-and-feelings.

Here is some Discovery Learning with Q-and-A, with a Question (in the second version of I-vi-IV-V with "CEG, ACE, FAC" what note-changes happen?) and Answer (only one note changes between I and vi, then between vi and IV again only one note changes, but all notes change between IV and V, before the progression returns home with a C Major Chord in the Key of C Major.  This is pretty cool, yes?  It's one reason for why the progression – with its mixing of major & minor – sounds so cool, and therefore is used in so many songs.}

[[ iou – The following "review" was done earlier, but all-that's-above has been revised (and expanded) so this review also will be revised. ]]

a review — Above you see ways to experiment & listen/learn by using self-limitations, and also by reducing the limitations.  Here are some of the many ways you can do an experiment & listen, and learn:

play only black notes;   then do this, but also play some white notes;

play only white notes;   then do this, but also play some black notes;

play black AND white notes, maybe including runs of side-by-side notes;

play only red notes;   then do this, but also play some other-colored notes (blue & green) and black notes;

alternate only red-bar notes with only blue-bar notes and only green-bar notes (for example, play red-bars for awhile, then blue-bars for awhile, red-bars, green-bars, blue-bars,...);   then do this, but also play some other-colored notes and black notes;   and of course you can sometimes play 2 or 3 (or more) notes with the same color (to form chords), or (in daring experiments that could produce interesting results) with different colors.

 Table of Contents 

colorizing a keyboard – why and how   Why? The main benefit of colorizing with red-blue-green (for 1-4-5 chords) is to give you... Easy-Intuitive-Instant Recognition: Making music with a colorized keyboard is easy and intuitive.  Why?  Because you KNOW, easily and instantly, when a note IS among the chord-notes you want to play, or ISN'T.  This easy-intuitive-instant recognition – plus the simple linearity of a keyboard, and its black/white keys – lets you focus your full attention on how you want to use all of the notes – whether they're in the chord, or not – for creatively making music.  For example, • When you want to play in the key of C Major, by seeing the colors you will instantly know the chord-notes for the three common chords (C Major, F Major, G Major) and also for the minor chords (A Minor, D Minor, E Minor) because they're all of the white notes, no more and no less.  And you will instantly know the non-scale notes (because they're black) that you can use for adding chromatic spice to your melody. • When you want to play notes that will harmonize with a C Chord, you will easily-and-instantly know the chord notes, because they're all of the red notes, no more and no less.  And you will instantly know the non-chord notes (all notes that aren't red) that you can use to add non-chordal spice to your melody.   What? You can play in C Major and A Minor, because this color-coded keyboard* works for the key of C Major by showing the chord-notes for C-major (C E G, red) and F-major (F A C, blue) and G-major (G B D, green), for the 1st and 4th and 5th notes in the scale of C-Major (C - F - G) in red - blue - green:     And it works for the key of A Minor by showing the chord-notes for A-minor (A C E, red) and D-minor (D F A, blue) and E-minor (E G B, green), for the 1st and 4th and 5th notes in the scale of A-Minor (A - D - E) in red - blue - green:     * This Music-by-Color Improvising System was invented by me in the late-1970's – when I used it for a melodica – with Copyright ©1998 by Craig Rusbult, all rights reserved.    { why 1998?  because I first “published it on the web” in 1998. }     Some Pros & Cons of Playing With Colors two kinds of keyboards:  If you play on a non-colorized keyboard (without red, blue, green) or in a key other than C Major or A Minor, you won't have the easy-instant-intuitive information that's provided by colors.  Probably (almost certainly) this will reduce your playing skill, your ability to fluently make beautifully interesting melodies.  So is this a disadvantage of using colors?  I think the answer is... yes and no:  It's yes (in the short term, temporarily) but no (in the long term).  And even in the short term, it's only a relative disadvantage, because your skill will be lower when using a non-colorized keyboard, IF we measure this skill relative to your skill when using a colorized keyboard.  But with a broader short-term perspective, your skill on a colorized keyboard probably will be higher than it would have been if you had never used color-cues.  Some of this higher skill will transfer to playing on a non-colorized keyboard, and – even though your “non-colorized skill” is lower, relative to your “colorized skill” – your “non-colorized skill” will be higher than it would be if you had never used a colorized keyboard. two strategies:  • If you want to increase your transfers-of-skills from a colorized keyboard to a non-colorized keyboard, you can shift back & forth between them.   • Or you can just decide “I want to invest my playing time in developing higher levels of skill with a colorized keyboard, and if I ever play on a non-colorized keyboard I'll just accept the fact that my short-term skill (without colorizing) will be temporarily lower – relative to my long-term skill (with the benefits of color-cues) – and I'll use a colorized keyboard whenever it's possible.” specializing in two keys:  When you use a colorized keyboard, you can develop higher levels of skill if you invest your playing time by playing only (or mainly) in two keys, C Major and A Minor.  Because you're playing a lot in these two keys, your skill will increase a lot.  You don't really need to play in other keys, because almost all electronic keyboards let you transpose from one key to another by simply pushing a button.*  This lets you develop a level of skill in two keys (1 major, 1 minor) and instantly have skill in the other 22 main keys (11 major, 11 minor) by transposing, by just pressing a button.   { In reality, you should know more than two keys, because for playing in C it's useful to also know F and G;  plus C Minor;  and to play well in A Minor, it's useful to also know D Minor and E Minor.}    /    Of course, you can "specialize in these keys" without colorizing, but you won't get the benefits of easy-and-instant recognition. efficient use of time:  In this way you can focus your attention on learning how to play well in the key of C, since you don't have to learn how to play skillfully in many other keys, including (if you want to master all keys) C# with its 7 sharps.  If you don't specialize, your practicing time must be split between the colorized keys (C Major, etc, plus A Minor, etc) and other keys.  You have limited time – and “time is the stuff life is made of” (Ben Franklin) – so you can use your valuable time to become highly skilled in only C Major (and A Minor) yet make music in all keys, by taking advantage of electronic transposing. novices and experts:  While writing the sections above, I'm mainly thinking about novices or intermediates.  The situation (re: pros & cons) would be similar for experts, but a little different because they already know the music theory (implicitly and/or explicitly) and they have experience-and-skill with playing in many keys, including the “specialist keys” (of C-Major & A-Minor) and also other keys.  So they might be less interested in the benefits of colorizing. * I wish keyboard-designers would provide a second way to “press buttons” and transpose into other keys.  How?  By making a sharp-adding "up button" that changes the current key to a key with one-more-sharp (e.g. changing from C to G, then from G to D, from D to A, and so on) plus a flat-adding "down button" that changes the current key to a key with one-more-flat (e.g. changing from C to F, then from F to Bb, from Bb to Eb, and so on).   /   Why?  Here are two reasons:  • This feature would be useful for making key-changes within a song, for musical reasons.   • And for "playing along" when you don't know the key;  for example, if you begin playing and discover yourself playing F# and C# and G# to make your melody sound good, you can push the "up button" 3 times, to get transposing that lets you hear your music in the Key of A (that has these three sharps) even though you're "playing the red-blue-green" of C Major;  but if you must play Bb and Eb in your melody, probably you should push the "down button" twice so you will hear the Key of Bb (that has these two flats) while you're "playing in C Major."    {keys with sharps & flats, and the Circle of Fifths} [[ iou – Soon, maybe in late 2024, these three grayed-out paragraphs will be "worked into" the paragraphs above. [[ Obviously, this colorized keyboard works best for playing in the key of C-major or A-minor.  To play in another key, either ignore the dots or — it's my preference, and I suggest it because I think it's a much better musical strategy — use the transposing feature (available on almost all electronic keyboards) to shift every note you play up or down by the same amount. [[ For example, you can play a melody in the key of C, and then press the button for +1 transposing (which shifts all notes up by one semi-tone, from C to C#) so when you play the same melody (by using the same keys as before) you'll be playing in the key of C# with every note automatically increased in pitch by one semitone. my conclusion:  We have logical reasons to expect that, for most people, using colorized keyboards will improve their musical skill.  (and musical enjoying)

iou – Currently a page about "DIY Colorizing" is much better than this section;  soon, in late-September, I'll do a major revising of this “how to” section, or (more likely) I will just link to the other page.  Below the text is gray font to remind you that this isn't “the best current version” although some of its ideas may be useful for you.

If you want to make choices, you can consider different kinds of...

• shapes:  Originally I used round labels for this small keyboard, and the circles worked well for C Major in the two Lower Rows, but not for A Minor because there wasn't enough room for the two Higher Rows.  I tried the system you see here, but the spatial arrangement never did work for me;  it wasn't "visually simple" and it provide the obvious "color cues" required for easy-intuitive-instant recognition.   /   Therefore I recently changed from circles to rectangular bars, and used bars to describe "discovery learning" to play music and learn theory.  And below I'll use "bars" to describe decisions about colorizing.  But I want to again try circles (because they provide good "visual cues") that are smaller (maybe half-circles on my small keyboard, 1/2" circles on large keyboards) and play with them to discover (by experimenting) which combination of visual cues I like, comparing the pros & cons of various combos;  one combo I want to try is making two rows of lower-circles for C Major, and two rows of upper-bars for A Minor.

 Table of Contents 

MUSICAL IMAGERY

While you're playing or singing, try different moods, feelings, and images.

Some imagery from O. Henry:  "As Whistling Dick picked his way where night still lingered among the big, reeking, musty warehouses, he gave way to the habit that had won for him his title.  Subdued, yet clear, with each note as true and liquid as a bobolink's, his whistle tinkled about the dim, cold mountains of brick like drops of rain falling into a hidden pool.  He followed an air, but it swam mistily into a swirling current of improvisation.  You could cull out the trill of mountain brooks, the staccato of green rushes shivering above the chilly lagoons, the pipe of sleepy birds."

And from Jeremy Grimshaw:  "In the 1930s (and, arguably, still today), musical exoticism evoked the sounds of a place removed by imagination rather than distance.  Ellington's "Caravan," in its various instantiations (or even in individual versions) seems to noncommittally wander across various landscapes, from Iberia to the Silk Road, from the desert to the tropics;  the sounds of Tizol's native Puerto Rico mingle with notions of a distant Arabia.  Ultimately, however, the angular melodies primarily serve to extend the musical palette, an expansion of expressive possibilities metaphorically reinterpreted as an exploration of unknown lands."   { He also vividly describes the song's musical artistry. }

MUSICAL MYSTERY

In his book, Emotion and Meaning in Music, Leonard Meyer describes our musical expectations by proposing that when listeners hear music they intuitively follow the flow of what has been happening in the music, and they unconsciously “predict” what will happen.  If there is too much sameness, so listeners can predict everything, they may become bored.  But they may get frustrated if the music is too difficult to predict.  Usually, the music we enjoy is an in-between mix, with some confirmation of expectations along with some surprises, in a blend that is interesting rather than boring or frustrating.

These ideas are explored in my page about Mystery in Music that asks why we don't necessarily become bored or frustrated:  For example, you enjoy hearing some songs over and over, even though (or because?) you already know what will happen.  And you can enjoy listening to innovative music that is difficult to predict, when it fits together in a creatively logical way (like a clever mystery story) so you can think back on what you've heard and say “yes, of course.”  Or maybe you think “I'm not sure why, but it worked” and it made an entertaining musical experience, with music that was unusually beautiful, maybe peaceful, or maybe edgy, zany, energetic, playful,...

In drama & humor, dancing & conversation, and other aspects of life, you can think about the functions of expectations that are partially fulfilled, yet with some surprises that “make sense” in retrospect, or that simply add interesting variety.

Imagery and Mystery are only two of the many aspects of Emotion that artistic musicians can use when they express what they feel, and want you to feel, while they are playing music.  You also can do this, whether the music you're making is your current improvisation or is a previous composition of your own, or from another person.

Some of the most important communication between players and listeners involves producing “musical tension” and then resolving the tension.  It's one kind of moderate Musical Mystery with some fulfilling of expectations and some surprises.

How is tension produced?  One cause is when musical improvisation includes non-chord notes — that are not among the 3 notes of a major chord (like CEG) we hear as total harmony-consonance — instead we hear some harmony-dissonance.  This dissonance produces a feeling of musical tension, and perhaps even psychological tension.  A perception of dissonance can occur when the mixed combination (with some chord notes and some non-chord notes) is played simultaneously in a harmony or is played sequentially in a melody, or if both are happening in the music.

But tension also can be produced-and-resolved when a V-Chord (producing tension) is followed by the I-Chord that is the home-chord of the key, for resolution.  In this way, tension is resolved even though there is no dissonance in the V-Chord.  Some tension also can be produced by using a 7th-Chord that combines consonance (with the three interactions between its triad-notes of 1 3 5) and dissonance (with the tritone interaction between its 3 and b7).  This "also" is a co-contributor to a combination that results in a more dramatic resolution of tension, because the tension has two sources — it occurs because V is not the home chord, and because V7 contains dissonance — when both sources are resolved, when the V7 is followed by I (because I is the home-chord, and I is not dissonant).     {the structure of 7-chords}

Of course, an experience of dissonance is in the ear-and-mind of a listener — who can perceive it as being unpleasant (to some degree) or as pleasantly interesting (this is the usual result, unless it's too dissonant or if the dissonance lasts too long) — depending on the kinds of non-chord notes and their timings.  The psychological result for you (as a listener) is a personal response that depends on...

    the amount of dissonance, whether it's a lot of dissonance — as in the simultaneous playing of almost-unison notes (e.g. with adjacent notes like C and C-sharp) that are almost the same but not the same;  or if musicians are trying to play the same notes, but they're not mutually-in-tune (so some are playing a little too flat or too sharp), or with almost-fifth notes (like C and G-flat instead of C and G) that also are an almost-fourth compared with C and F — or is just a little dissonance, and
    whether the notes, chordal and non-chordal, are being played simultaneously (this is more likely to produce a feeling of dissonance) or are played sequentially (more likely to be experienced as interesting variety), and
    your personal musical taste – influenced by your culture, personal history, and current mood – that could cause the dissonant tension to be perceived as musically-and-psychologically unpleasant, or as musically-and-psychologically exciting, and
    the duration, if you think a short-term dissonance adds a spicy edge to the music with a little tension, but you think a dissonance that continues for too long eventually becomes unpleasant, maybe even obnoxiously irritating, because you hear-and-feel too much tension.

In the music we enjoy, much of the art arises from a creative combining of consonance (sometimes) and dissonance (other times) to produce feelings of pleasant harmonies blended with dissonant tensions.  It's one aspect of the semi-mystery (some but not too much) we enjoy during artistic communications between players and listeners.   /   consonance and dissonance from Brittanica & Wikipedia (with music theory) and others.

Improvising Music

by using Melody - Harmony - Rhythm - Arranging

Melodic Improvisation

Two kinds of strategies for making a melody — with free creativity (by just “putting notes together” in any way you want) and structured creativity (by modifying an existing melody and/or using harmony to make melodies, or in other ways) — are related.  How?  Because even though “free” and “structured” might seem to be mutually exclusive, in practice when you are making music (and in other areas of life) there are productive connections between memory and creativity.  As described in my section about musical styles, creative new music is not totally new, it's just new variations of old music, it's "built on the foundation of music from the past, when old ideas are modified in new ways, and combined in new ways."  Therefore the ideas below (and in other parts of the page) can be useful for stimulating creativity that seems to be “free” or is consciously structured.

The original melody is just one of many similar melodies, so it can be modified to make a new melody.  To begin doing this, play the old song-melody by ear (alone or with others) as-it-is, with no changes.  Then to produce “variations on a theme” in a new melody that is related to the old melody,* you can change some of the original notes;   or add notes, or eliminate notes;   make wide leaps from one note to another;   or use closely spaced notes in a scale-notes sequence with pitches ascending or descending, or (with narrower spacing) in a chromatic sequence, or (with wider spacing) a chord-note sequence;   or change the rhythm.   You can use these possibilities, and others, in any blending you want.

* In this strategy for improvising music, the goal is to modify a melody, but not replace it.  If a modified melody is too different from the original, it's difficult to hear the connection between old and new, so most listeners will wonder “where did that come from?” because they won't hear it as being a variation of the original melody.  Instead a listener will think it's a totally different new melody, with no connection to the old melody.  Of course, this is OK if it's what you want.  But if you want listeners to recognize that your new melodies are creative variations of the familiar old melody, you'll want to aim for a moderate level of "musical mystery" that is not too low or too high, so listeners won't become bored (if the mystery is too low, with not enough variation) or frustrated (if it's too high, and the original melody cannot be recognized), so they will have "some confirmation of expectations along with some surprises."

Whether your improvisational creativity is mostly “free” or “structured” or an in-between mix, you can make melodies by trying to combine notes in fascinating new ways, by doing creative experiments that produce new experiences so you can learn from your experiences.

For example, in Sophisticated Lady (by Duke Ellington) the main theme uses notes that often move in small steps, by contrast with the chorus where notes make big up-and-down leaps, yet the two parts (main theme & chorus) fit together well despite their differences;  in fact, the contrasting differences add to the song's overall appeal.   The entire song, in each part and as a whole, uses notes in creative ways to form melodies that are carefully designed to be unusual yet beautiful.     {you can read more about Sophisticated Lady — inspired by memories of three grade-school teachers who taught in winter and toured Europe in summer — and hear its theme & chorus}

Rhythmic Improvisation

Experiment with different rhythms:

If you're playing a melody, you can play more notes (faster, shorter) or fewer notes (slower, longer).  Or mix fast & slow (short & long) in interesting ways.  Or instead of splitting quarter-notes evenly to make two equally long eighth-notes [as in a timing of 3-and-3, if a quarter-note is “6”] you can split them into uneven triplets [4-and-2] to make the music “swing” (as in a “shuffle” rhythm for 12-bar blues).*  Or you can slide from one note to another (as with a trombone, violin, steel guitar, or voice) instead of making a time-separation between the notes.  And you can “do different things” for the on-beats (1 & 3) and off-beats (2 & 4).     {* videos explain the "swing" of uneven triplets in words and music - plus diagrams - on guitar & saxophone.

You can make the tempo slower or faster or (as in songs by Chopin) variable, if you are playing by yourself, or are in a group that has a way to “do it together” with coordination.

And use silence – it's one artistic way (among many) to produce fascinating mystery – by not playing constantly, with “rests” that let the sound be on-and-off.

Inspirations:  If you listen to music from a variety of cultures, you'll hear a variety of rhythms, and you may want to use some of these rhythms (as-is or modified) in the music you're making.

Cooperative Improvising  (+ Arranging)

In addition to the basic elements of music – harmony & melody & rhythm – we can enjoy the interactions between musicians who are creatively cooperating so they will “make beautiful music together.”  When the musical coordination is pre-planned it's called arranging, with an arranger (the original composer or someone else) deciding what kind of musical blend – with different musicians & their instruments contributing to “the blend” in different ways – will be used in their arrangement of a song.  You also are making these decisions “in real time” while you're playing along with other musicians, maybe with some pre-planning, and certainly by listening actively while you're improvising.  You'll want to think about the functional role you'll play in the group, by playing chords or bassline, or melody, or...;  e.g. this is why a band often has three guitar players, playing lead guitar, rhythm guitar, and bass.   [[ iou – Later, maybe in August 2024, this section will be developed more thoroughly.  Some ideas that will be used are... creative synergism (as in Habit 6 of The 7 Habits) during cooperative collaboration, teamwork analogies, the “yes and” of improv in comedy & in everyday life. ]]

iou – Soon (maybe in August) I'll develop these ideas:  When you're cooperating with other musicians, you want to be consistently decisive in doing something that is rhythmically compatible with what others are doing.  Practicing with a metronome – and with “backing track” videos – can help you develop the self-discipline of being rhythmically consistent, of being in-synch with the timing of your fellow musicians.  I'll be learning more about this from others (e.g. pros & cons of using a metronome) and then will write about it.

If you “play through” perceived mistakes, by yourself or others, you can develop and sustain a continuity (for the melody, rhythm, and harmony) that keeps the music flowing through time.  And you can learn for the future, making it better by using the “master skill” of learning from experience.  Ben Sidran describes the musical skill of graceful recovery from perceived mistakes, of responding in a way that is musically productive, that contributes to artistry & enjoyment for you, your fellow musicians, and those who are listening.  He explains that "You have to fail at something first – which is not a failure, but an opportunity.  They say jazz is the music of surprise, because you want to play what you don’t know, which means you have to make mistakes, and then recover from them.  Music is the act of recovery."

 Table of Contents 

Active Listening

iou - [[ This intro-paragraph will be developed-and-revised soon, maybe in August 2024:  The page begins by describing "the wonders of music" and why "I'm hoping this page will help you increase your enjoying of musical activities, whether you're just listening to it or you're also creatively making it."  /  when you're thinking "wow, this music is ___" or "ahh, ____" where the blank could be filled with whatever you're feeling & thinking.  ... however you feel about the music, whatever ___ is.   /    I also will describe "another kind of listening" you can do, along with this just-enjoying, when you decide to do the "active listening" described in the rest of this section. ]]

This is similar to playing along but instead of being active-and-active (by actively playing while actively listening) you are passive-yet-active:  you passively let someone else play a song (on a CD, tape, radio, video, mp3,... or live) and you actively listen.   Be alertly aware, fully using your ears and mind so you can be a good observer, so you can hear more of what's happening in the music.  By listening carefully, you can learn a lot while enjoying the process of discovery, and enjoying the music.

At a basic level, you can listen for the rhythm (usually interacting with melody) that produces the 1-count of each musical measure, and decide if the measures have 4 counts (most common) or 3 counts (as in a waltz).  At a level that's more advanced, but is easy to hear when you're musically aware, listen for longer-term musical structures that may occur every 4 measures, or every 8, 12, 16,...

Whole-Part-Whole Analysis:  Your goals, which can change from one listening to another, may be to experience the overall effect of “the song as a whole,” or to focus on specific characteristics of the music.  You can shift your perspective back & forth between levels, by using a whole-part-whole approach.  For example, after listening to the song as a whole, you might listen to one instrument so you hear the role it plays in the whole, how it relates to other instruments & to the whole, and what functional role it plays in the musical mix.  Or choose the “part” in another way.   If you want to move from “what is” to “what might be,” try to imagine how some instruments could play their roles differently, and how these changes would affect the overall musical result.   [[ iou – soon, maybe in late July, the following ideas will be "worked into" this paragraph:  One strategy for the process is whole-part-whole, with analysis and synthesis;  you can do this in many ways, by focusing your attention on part of a song, or one aspect of the music, or one musician (asking “how do they relate to other musicians?” and “what is their functional role in the musical mix?”), and by sometimes perceiving “the song as a whole,” shifting your perspective back & forth between the whole and its parts, or by changing your focus from one part to another.

Musical Styles:  You can repeatedly listen to the same song – and other songs with similar style – trying to hear-and-understand what makes the music what it is.  And you can listen to different styles of music, asking “What makes each type of music sound distinctive?”  In each style, try to discover the characteristics — the combinations of tempo, rhythms, melodies, harmonies, chord progressions, instruments, playing/singing styles,... — that make the style sound the way it does.  You can do this just to appreciate the style, or also to imitate it in your own music, or try to modify it with various adjustments of the characteristics.

Memory + Creativity:  Instead of being “totally new,” creative new music is just new variations of old music.  Skilled musicians often speak fondly, with appreciation, about their “influences,” about the music they have listened to, have enjoyed and learned from.  Their musical memories influence (both consciously and unconsciously) the way they now make their own music.  They recognize that their creativity does not happen “from zero” in a cultural vacuum, instead it's built on the foundations of music from the past, with old ideas being creatively modified in new ways, and combined in new ways.

Cooperative Improvising – Part 2

Listen Actively while you are Actively Improvising

This is another level of experience – beyond just active listening – because you have opportunities to make real-time musical decisions.  When you're beginning, and later, it's useful to "experiment in low-risk situations... to gain valuable experience."  How?  Some ideas are in Part 1 (and its summary), and more are below:

Hopefully you can find a friendly group to play with, and they'll have a supportive “mistakes are ok” attitude that encourages you to relax-and-experiment so you can listen and learn.  It's fun to make music together, and your friends can provide stimulation plus feedback that will help you learn.  And if non-players are listening, they can provide external “audience feedback” from outside the band.

Or you may find it easier to practice in private – at least initially – by playing along with a recording (mp3, CD,...) so you can reduce your concerns about mistakes.

Or ideally you'll combine the best of both, live and private, by getting a digital song-file of a group you've been playing with, so you can practice privately between live sessions with the group.  When you do this, you're “experimenting in private” so when you “play along in public” your previous learning-from-experience (in private) will help you make better contributions (in public) to the music of your group, and feel more confident & comfortable playing with them.

While you're playing along with a group (live or recorded), experiment with cooperative interactions.  Try playing various functional roles — by providing a main melody (or variation of it, or harmonizing with it) or a chord structure, bass line, rhythm, or whatever else you think might contribute to the musical mix — so you're experimenting with different ways of playing, of deciding what to play and when.  Communicate with group members, asking "what do you think?" about the roles for different members (including you), and how roles might shift during a song.  Be aware of the overall situation (for you & your fellow musicians) and the musical details of what they have been doing, are doing, and might be doing soon.  Try to play with good taste & rhythmic precision, aim for cooperative creativity-with-quality, and enjoy whatever happens.    { the art of being a good musical partner by “playing through” mistakes }

Improvising and Composing

Improvising can lead to Composing:  Sometimes improvisation leads to composition, when an improviser likes their melody enough to continue developing it so it becomes what they really want it to be, and to preserve it by “writing it down.”  This converts their improvisation into a composition that can be recreated later, can be repeated.  Regarding their timings, improvising precedes composing and its process is faster.  We can think of improvisation as quick composition that's done in real time;  and composition is improvisation that's done over a longer period of time, is a slow-motion improvisation.

This page begins with experimenting while you listen carefully for feedback, to discover what does and doesn't work well.  When you find something that "works well" during a musical improvisation, you may want to preserve the results of your creative discovery in a musical composition so it can be repeated in the same form.  When this happens, the status of your music changes from one-time temporary to many-times permanent.

Because improvisation is on-the-spot composition, in real time while the music is happening, all skilled improvisers are skilled composers.  And some composers, continuing the tradition of J.S. Bach and other classical composers,* are also skilled real-time improvisers, with an ability to perform well and produce pleasing music when they (and their listeners) care about the quality of the music.

You can preserve a composition — so it can be duplicated later by yourself or others — by writing it on a sheet of paper or, in modern times, by saving it in the memory of a computer or electronic instrument.  Or your improvisation can be recorded on tape or digitally, and then transcribed into a musical composition.

Or you can just remember what you did, and then play it (or something like it) later.  With continued repetition you'll develop a collection of musical ideas that you can play, and you like to play, and these will become part of your musical repertoire.

* According to Wikipedia & Brittanica,  "Throughout the eras of the Western art music tradition, including the Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, and Romantic periods, improvisation was a valued skill... and many other famous composers and musicians were known especially for their improvisational skills. ... Some classical music forms contained sections for improvisation."  &  "Many of the great composers of Western classical music were masters of improvisation, especially on keyboard instruments, which offered... virtually boundless opportunities for the spontaneous unfolding of their rich musical imaginations.  Many an idea so generated eventually appeared in a written composition.  Some composers have regarded improvisation as an indispensable warm-up for their creative task."  Their combined list of improvising composers (Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Handel, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Liszt) is impressive, and "many other famous composers and musicians" were skilled improvisers.

 Table of Contents 

Using a Musical Instrument

As described earlier, you can make music by using three kinds of instruments:

1a)  use your internal instrument by singing with words:  When you become comfortable with it, singing is a great way to improvise because it's an efficient connection between thinking & doing, with easy intuitive-and-automatic translating of your musical ideas (that you are imagining) into musical sounds (that you are actualizing).

1b)  use your internal instrument by singing without words:  You may find (as I do) that when singing without words – or playing kazoo – it's easier to intuitively release fresh ideas, and new musical ideas tend to happen more often.   { why? }

2)  play an external instrument:  If you play a musical instrument with skill, this will help you improvise with skill, because (as with singing) your instrumental skill gives you an intuitive-and-automatic translation of ideas into music.

note:  In the common way we use language, musical instrument means an external instrument.  But when we're thinking about making music, all instruments (internal & external) share many similarities – but they're musically useful in different ways – so in this page "instrument" means either your internal voice (1a-1b) or an external instrument (2).  With any instrument, you can...

Explore Possibilities and Make Choices:  Every musician can use the basics of music – its melody & harmony & rhythm & arranging – in many ways, in many combinations.  Of course, each musician will be able to use only a small fraction of the possible variations, and your choices of what to use (and not use) are an essential part of your art.  When you're exploring, one possibility is...

Using Simplicity to Increase Complexity:  When I sing without words "it's easier to intuitively release fresh ideas, and new musical ideas tend to happen more often."  The overall result is that a decrease of singing-complexity (by not using words) leads to an increase of music-complexity.  Why is musical creativity increased by the simplicity of singing without words?  Maybe it's because nonverbal creativity is being freed from the old ruts imposed by verbal habits (when I continue to “musically remember” the familiar melodies that in my memory are connected with the song's words), so without words the nonverbal musical ideas are less restricted by verbal habits;   and because my brain doesn't have to “multitask” by doing both nonverbal and verbal, so I can use more of my mental resources to focus more completely on making nonverbal music;   and because ignoring the words makes it easier to intuitively-and-automatically translate my ideas into music;   and...?   But no matter why it's happening, this works for me, with simplicity allowing a free flow of improvising, with a better stimulating of creativity.  And probably this will work for you.  More generally, whenever YOU notice a situation – or a personal action – that stimulates your musical creativity (as in my observations of singing with & without words), you can take advantage of this opportunity for creativity.     {another strategy for simplicity is to play a keyboard and specialize in C-Major / A-Minor}

simplicity and complexity in singing without words:  I usually “keep it simple” by just beginning notes with “d” so I can focus on the musical melodies, harmonies, and rhythms.*  But sometimes an important part of scat singing (without words) is a creative use of nonsense syllables that can have a wide range of variations — formed by pairing any consonant with any vowel, and combining these pairs in a variety of rhythms — and a singer's verbal complexity is one part of their musical complexity.   /   * You can hear examples of skillful music with verbal simplicity – by starting all notes with d – in the scat singing of trumpeter Chet Baker.  And skillful music with verbal complexity by Ella and Mel & Ella and others.  Plus lessons for scatting with semi-simplicity and a little more complexity plus deep dives in playlists by Aimee Nolte for Scat Singing 101 (in 6 Parts) & Next Level (10 Parts + 1) & Series (7 with variety, "what do you think about when you improvise?" and more).

the artistic benefits of singing with words:  In most styles of music a very important part of a song is its lyrics, especially for verbal communications between musician(s) and listeners that produces “connections” between us, but also because the musical artistry of a singer – in creating “the sound” we enjoy hearing – includes their musical using of words.

Of course, with or without words, singing in tune with proper pitch is important.

All of these ways to make music – 1a & 1b (with your internal music-maker, your voice) and 2 (with an external music-maker) – are different "musical instruments" and you can...

Hear the Differences:  Each instrument – wind, string, keyboard, percussion,... – is unique in its tone quality and music-making possibilities.  [[ iou – Soon, maybe in June, I'll say more about this. ]]

Use the Differences:  If you play different musical instruments, you can do different things with each, so improvise with each of them and listen to the differences in results.  I play several:  voice (by singing, with & without words) and thus kazoo, plus whistling;  and playing slide trombone, valve trombone, bamboo flute (that I made), keyboard, guitar, blues harp, and percussion (washboard,...).  Each instrument inspires different types of musical improvisation, due to differences in...  tone (and thus mood & imagery),  speed (e.g. valve trombone allows faster playing than slide trombone),  flexibility (slide trombone allows musically creative “sliding” between notes as in this example and in sliding with voice, violin, or steel guitar),  muscle memory (this will make some note-patterns easy for you to play, but only on a particular instrument),  visual thinking (as for keyboard or slide trombone),*  and other factors.   Creatively experiment with different instruments, including your voice, and explore the possibilities of each;  don't limit yourself to what is possible with other instruments, because each music-making instrument allows different types of musical improvisations, and inspires them;  do experiments that produce new experiences;  observe what happens, so you can listen and learn.

Expert players can skillfully adjust the pitches of their instrument (saxophone, trumpet, guitar, or other) for musical purposes that include special effects like the note-bending in many guitar solos, plus a famous clarinet glissando (at beginning of Rhapsody in Blue) and artistic “long sliding” by Urbie Green, and in other ways.   /   To avoid the intentional dissonance of even-tempered tuning, instruments that can play with just tuning are trombone, steel guitar, strings (violin, viola, cello, fretless bass or guitar), and voice. 

* Instruments and Keys:   Each instrument is easier to play in some keys.  For example,...   My colorized keyboard helps me use “visual thinking” while playing in the key of C-Major (or A-Minor) and, although with less color-guiding, so does using only the white notes.  And it's easier (why?) to play pentatonic music in the 5 pentatonic keys (including G-flat Major Pentatonic and E-flat Minor Pentatonic) formed by using only the black notes.    With slide trombone, the key of F allows the greatest variety of “long sliding” options, as explained in my visual-thinking page for trombone.   And as one example of "other factors" that affect instruments, with a valve trombone the key of E-flat is easy to play (much easier than E), but with a guitar the key of E (not E-flat) is easier.

Options for Adjusting:  Being able to play in many keys also is useful for playing along with musicians who are playing other instruments (with different "easy keys"), or who want to play in a key that matches their vocal range.  But you can easily change a recorded song into “an easy key” for your instrument by using the free pitch-changing software, Audacity.  Or you can mechanically adjust your instrument, while still playing in one of your favorite keys, by using a capo (for guitar) or transposing (for electronic keyboard).  Or you can change a song into “difficult keys” to challenge yourself.     { Or, in a different area of life, instead of changing a song's pitch to change its key, you can change a song's tempo to make your running more fun-and-efficient. }

[[ iou – these two grayed-out paragraphs will be "worked into" the section above: ]]

[[ You can learn from your experiences of active listening, and also from playing along with a song so you “hear your musical ideas while they're happening” with your own listen-and-learn experiments:

[[ While you're actively listening, you can play along (using your voice or a musical instrument)* with a song from radio, youtube, CD, mp3 or tape, or live with other people in a playfully informal jam session.  Play with different songs, to get a variety of contextual inspirations, or repeat a song over & over so you know it more deeply, so you can explore creative options, try a variety of musical ideas and observe the results, adjust what you're doing, and discover new possibilities.

 Table of Contents 

Overviews of Improvising:

Here are two “big picture” perspectives on improvising.

Preparing to Improvise

FreeDictionary's first two definitions of improvising are:   1) To invent, compose, or perform with little or no preparation.    2) To play or sing (music) extemporaneously, especially by inventing variations on a melody or creating new melodies in accordance with a set progression of chords.

Definition #1 is sufficient for low-quality unskilled improvisation, and is necessary if you are forced to “do the best you can” to cope with an unexpected situation.  But in many real-life situations that require improvising, you must "perform" in ways that are more important than when you "invent, compose, or perform [music]."  High-quality improvisation, in music and in other areas of life, requires long-term preparation to build a solid foundation of skills (learned from experiences) if you want to fully develop your mental-and-physical potential.  When you are well prepared, you will never have to face an unexpected situation "with little or no preparation," at least in the areas where you've done preparation.

Definition #2, by contrast, accurately describes the kind of musical improvisation that is the focus of this page, that is used by all musicians.

planning that includes planning to improvise:  This was the strategy of Vin Scully — who justifiably was honored with many awards during his long career as an announcer (mainly for baseball but also football & golf, on radio & television), especially for the Dodgers in Brooklyn & Los Angeles — who would prepare thoroughly before each game, so during the game he could expertly decide “what to say and when” based on what was happening during each inning, each pitch, each play.  During times with action he would colorfully describe the action, and during times with minimal action he would colorfully tell stories (about players, history,...) based on his preparation.  He planned & prepared, and part of his plan was planning to improvise.

Improvising in Life

I.O.U.  –  Later, this section (about other contexts-in-life) will be a brief overview, plus “more” in an appendix.  It will describe principles for productive thinking (or not-thinking) in various contexts, when performing skills that are mental and/or physical, including musical improvisation (music and design) and many other skills (e.g. comedy improv) in many areas of life.  For the appendix, I'll find page-links to share, from web-searches like [everyday life improv yes and] or [everyday practical improvisation skills] like conversational improvisation or [improvisation in life].

 Table of Contents 

Ideas from Other Teachers

[[ iou – soon, during August 2024, I'll combine these resource-links with new links I've found.   /   And from an earlier version of this iou:  I'll write an Introduction (a slightly-expanded version of my summary for the Detailed Table of Contents – describing my respect for other music educators, and recommending that you also learn from them, not just from me – and will check these links (to be sure they haven't been "broken" and if necessary, fix them by using The Internet Archive of The Wayback Machine) and will link to additional edu-resources.  Recently I've been finding many excellent resources, made by many excellent music teachers, especially in youtube videos, but also in web-pages. ]]

Of course, you can learn much more than is possible by reading this page, when you read other pages!  (i.e. by reading-and-using ideas from my page and their pages)    In a web-search for [music improvisation], for example, I discovered many interesting pages, including these:  11 Improvisation Tips from Michael Gallant,*  and 12 Improvisation Tips from Cherie Yurco writing for MakingMusicMag that also shares How to Overcome Inhibitions and Improvise by Christopher Sutton who explains how "improvising can improve your musical ability in many ways," and recommends that you "practice in private" because "the best way to reduce your inhibitions around improvisation is to get familiar with it, and familiarity comes from practice," plus Understanding Scales and Chords (as in my "Part 2" below) by Jon.  And you can explore more widely and deeply, to learn more, by using other search-terms, and following links in the pages you find,  and by exploring in other ways.   For example,...

By following a link, I found the website of Rick, who wants to help you learn-and-use principles for improvising jazz. {and other styles of music}   He emphasizes the value of playing by ear.  Why?  He explains how "as I continued to read and learn about great jazz musicians, I found that there is a skill common to all of them. ... That skill is the ability to play by ear.  All great jazz musicians can play accurately and effortlessly by ear.  And actually, it's this skill that first and foremost guides them in deciding what to play."  He appreciates the value of singing — which is useful for playing by ear because "you've most likely been singing songs your entire life, and you've probably done so rather effortlessly. ..... You can effortlessly sing by ear.  You simply think about a melody and you sing it. ..... This natural ease we have using our voices should be taken advantage of when learning to improvise" — and of listening because "listening to jazz [or country, rock,...] is the single most important thing you need to do if you want to learn how to play jazz [or country, rock,...]" and he offers tips for listening.  And for Ear Training and much more.

* Here is a brief overview of ideas from the "11 Tips" article by Michael Gallant.  The titles of his Tips are:  Believe that you can improvise – Play along with records – Mess with the melody – Mess with the rhythm – Learn music theory – Try reacting to what’s around you – Embrace the accident – Don’t judge yourself in the moment – Review after the fact – Say something – Keep learning.  Some ideas from "Play along with records" and "Review after the fact" are:  "A great way to get your toes wet, build confidence, and gain experience as an improviser is to jam along with your favorite recorded music. ...  finding how your sound and style fits in with the albums you love can take you far. ...  Just find a space and time when you’ll be alone, put on some of your favorite music, and make noise that you feel dances nicely with what you’re hearing.  Try different approaches – perhaps play... [in each "play" he describes a different kind of experimenting you can try]  Similarly, you can try playing... and then play...  Most importantly, experiment far and wide, and go by what you think sounds good."  And, to learn more from your experiences, "Record your improvs on an iPhone or other handy digital device, note what works and what doesn’t, forgive yourself for any mistakes made, and bring that newfound knowledge to your next opportunity to improvise – you’ll be that much more skillful and assured in your playing the next time around."

 Table of Contents 

You can improvise musical melodies

by using Sequential Harmony that is
structured with Chord Progressions.

Why?  This is the most common way to make music – classical, popular (in all areas), and jazz – because it's an effective way to create melodies-and-harmonies that are enjoyable & interesting.  This is because we can hear and enjoy...

Two Kinds of Harmony – Simultaneous and Sequential:   Due to the interactions of musical physics with human physiology-and-memory, people enjoy hearing chord-notes when they're played simultaneously (to form a chord, to make harmony) and also when they're played sequentially (to form a melody based on “sequential harmony”).  We enjoy harmony when notes are played simultaneously (due to our physiology) and sequentially (due to our physiology-and-memory).     { The Mathematical Physics-and-Physiology of Harmony explains why hearing chords gives us pleasure that is physical, mental, and emotional. }

How?  To make melodies by using sequential harmony, play along with a chord progression.

How?  You can learn “what a chord is” and “what a chord progression is” in two ways:

• Learn (from others) the basic principles of Music Theory:   How?  Find a teacher who can help you (in person or thru their web-page, video,...) learn basic music theory, including chords and chord progressions.  This page explains some principles in a brief summary with more detail later, and you can learn from others, in web-pages and videos.  This efficient learning-from-others should be combined with effective discovering-from-experience when you...

• Discover (from your own musical experiences) how to Make Music That Sounds Good:   How?  Basically, just experiment, listen and learn

"when you do experiments in low-risk situations...so you are more willing to do creative experiments, to produce new experiences" that give you opportunities to listen (for what you like) and learn how to make music that sounds good.

now – I recommend reading the recently developed-and-revised sections in my other large page.

iou, for later – Soon, maybe in May 2024, I'll do a major revision of all sections within this blue-bordered box, in order to clarify the explanations (by using my newer-and-better diagrams and in other ways) and improve the organization by reducing duplications, and coordinating it with other parts of the page, and in other ways.

What and How?   When you're listening to a song with “12-Bar Blues” as its chord progression, if you listen carefully you will hear chord changes (harmony changes) that occur in a repeating pattern, in a structured chord progression that repeats every 12 bars of music, which usually (with 4 beats per bar) is every 48 musical beats.  When you play along with the song, if your goal is to “experiment, listen and learn” you will improve your ability to play notes that “fit into” the chord progression;  you are discovering how to make music that sounds good.

What and Why?  Playing along with a chord progression is a useful way to provide a structure-with-limits while you are making music.  It's similar to playing only black keys or only white keys but with a major difference.  Now instead of “playing a game” with arbitrary self-limits* — like when you limit yourself by deciding that you will play only the piano keys that are black, or white — the limits are imposed by the science of harmony, including the physics of waves and the physiological observation that some notes (but not others) typically sound especially good when people hear them while a particular chord (in the progression of chords) is being played.     {* But these two self-limiting “games” do have a scientific basis in wave physics & human physiology.}

MORE  –  Making Melodies by Using Sequential Harmony (Part 2)  and  The Music Theory of 12-Bar Blues .

a little more  –  If you want to learn some theory now, here is one basic idea:   While a C-Major chord (with C and E and G played simultaneously) is being played, the music will “sound good” when some of the chord's notes (C or E or G, in any octave, in any order) also are being played sequentially to form a melody.  Usually a harmonious-and-interesting melody will include many chord-notes (that “sound good” with the chord, that “harmonize well” with it) but also (to make it more interesting) some other notes.  In other words, many chord notes (C E G) are being combined — when they are played in one or more chords, and in one or more melodies (played by one or more musicians) — along with some non-chord notes.

Earlier, in Harmonic Improvisation I suggested experimenting while you "try to harmonize with a song's melody."

But instead of harmonizing with an old melody, another kind of strategy for harmonizing is to begin with harmony and make your own new melody that “fits” with the harmony (with the chords in a chord progression), as explained in Making Melodies by Using Sequential Harmony (Part 1) and below.

[[ iou – This entire section will be revised soon, to reduce duplicating (as below for "simultaneous & sequential harmony) and in other ways. ]]

Two Kinds of Harmony – Simultaneous and Sequential:   Due to the interactions of musical physics with human physiology & memory – with our ears & mind – people enjoy hearing chord-notes when they're played together simultaneously (to form a chord, to form harmony) & also when they're played sequentially (to form a melody by using sequential harmony).

Harmonious (simultaneous) and Melodious (sequential):   If you simultaneously play the 1st, 3rd, and 5th notes of a C-major scale (they're C, E, G), this is a C-Major chord.  For physiological reasons that I explain in Science and Music, a combination of chord-notes (such as the major chord formed by C-E-G) will sound “harmonious” to most people in most cultures — because of the physical interactions between note-overtones that have physiological & psychological interactions with human ears & minds — when the notes are played simultaneously to form a chord.  And when chord-notes are played sequentially in a melody they sound “melodious” because we remember (sub-consciously always, and sometimes consciously) the notes that have been played in a sequence of chord-notes.  For example, a melodic phrase using only chord notes is the up-and-down symmetric CEGC'GEC sequence, or a variation like the non-symmetric CEGC'EGC.

Because musicians want their melodies to have interesting variety, they typically use some chord notes combined with some non-chord notes.    Why?  and  How?

WHY ?

Why:  In addition to physical interactions between chord-note overtones (that “match and blend” physically in a major chord), music involves psychological interactions between music-making and music-hearing, between musicians and audience, with a blending of anticipations and mysteries in music.     This principle of balance — explaining how music that's enjoyable-and-interesting will meet some expectations, but also has some mysterious unpredictability — is especially useful for understanding communication between musicians and their external audience.  But it also provides insights for a musician's internal audience, when they listen to their own music and wonder “what will I do next?”    :<)

If you play only chord-notes in a sequential melody, after awhile this might become boring.  Or maybe it won't, if your notes are sequenced in very creative ways (melodically and rhythmically) or if occasionally the chord shifts — so sometimes you're playing the notes of a C-chord, but at other times it's the notes of another chord (e.g. an F-chord, G-chord, or...) — in a chord progression.

You also can add spice to your music, adding variety & unpredictability for your listeners, by including some non-triad notes in a simultaneous chord or (especially) in a sequential melody.

HOW ?  

Above, I describe two ways to make harmony-based music that has interesting variety, by using chord progressions and by using notes (both chord notes & non-chord notes) in creative ways.  Musicians almost always do both.  Below, we'll look at these music-making strategies in more detail.

iou – Currently this page describes only one chord progression (12-Bar Blues) in detail.  But soon (maybe in early March) I'll supplement the following description-of-blues with a section about the “50s Chord Progression(s)” – as one aspect of "beyond" – that is another common way to combine the “musical flavors” of major and minor.   more: I'll also briefly describe a few other chord progressions, and will link to web-pages and videos (by David Bennett Piano and others) that describe a wider variety of popular chord progressions, with explanatory analysis (of why they're used) and examples from popular music & classical music;  e.g. in videos by David Bennett Piano;  and soon there will be additional links.

Using Chord Progressions  (in 12-Bar Blues and beyond)

Almost all songs use a sequence of chords to form a harmonic structure for producing melodies with a mixture of notes that are inside the current chord and outside it, weaved together in melodically pleasing ways.

One common chord progression (to provide a harmonic structure) is 12-Bar Blues.  In the key of C the chords for this 12-bar progression are "CCCC FFCC GFCC" or some variation of this.  Usually each bar lasts 4 counts, so the whole 12-bar chord progression is 48 counts.

You can learn to “musically understand” 12-Bar Blues in two ways;  you should play along with 12-Bar Blues as described in Part 1,  and you also can learn more about music theory here in Part 2.  When you learn in both ways, the music theory will help you understand the music's harmonic structure, and this knowledge usually will help you improve your skill in making music.

As usual, a general strategy for learning by playing along with other musicians* is to experiment and listen so you can discover what “sounds good” by learning from your musical experiences.

In two kinds of self-limiting games you can:

    A) Play along with a single chord {e.g. C-Major} for a long time, doing creative experiments while you're listening, so you can discover what produces pleasantly interesting music.  First use only the chord notes {ceg},  then use all scale notes in the key of C (they're all of the white notes if you're playing keyboard),  and then mix in some non-scale notes (i.e. some black notes).   After awhile, also do this “playing along for a long time” with other chords, like F-Major and G-Major.
    B) Play along with 12-Bar Blues (or another chord progression, CP) and focus on playing only the chord-notes for each chord in the progression.  For 12-bar blues in C, the chords are C-Major {with notes of ceg}, F-Major {with fac}, and G-Major {gbd} — played in a progression of "CCCC FFCC GFCC" — so your melodies will include the chord-notes "ceg ceg ceg ceg  fac fac ceg ceg  gbd fac ceg ceg".   As you continue to learn from your musical experiences, you will discover which notes and note-combinations sound good with a particular chord.*  And you will intuitively “get a feel” for how to merge your melodies (using only chord notes) with the changing chords, how to make smooth transitions from one chord to another;  and how to make a “turnaround” on the final two C-chords so the 6 consecutive bars of C-chords are clearly divided into 2 bars (CC to end one 12-bar CP) plus 4 bars (CCCC to begin the next CP of 12 bars), CCCCFFCCGFCCCCCCFFCCGFCC.  In fact, some youtube videos include a chart of chords – adding visual information that is useful because it helps you to learn the 12-bar structure, and to hear the chord-changes while you're listening – and sometimes instead of CCCCFFCCGFCC it replaces the C-Chord by a G-Chord to make it CCCCFFCCGFCG with the G forming a simple turnaround.  The simplest CP for 12 Bar Blues ends with CC but other versions are commonly used especially to modify "CC" in the final two bars, to form a turnaround.
    Then to expand the range of your experimenting beyond the self-limitations of using only chord-notes in your melodies, you can play chord notes and also some non-chord notes.  Because you now will have a wider range of options (by using all notes) you can discover creative new ways to make melodies that smoothly merge with the changing chords, and are pleasantly interesting.  Your melodic experimenting will let you explore a wider range of experiences, inspiring a wider range of creativity.

12-Bar Blues in Other Keys:  A basic blues progression is "CCCC FFCC GFCC" in the key of C.  To make analogous chord progressions for 12-Bar Blues in other keys, just move all of the chords up or down by the same amount.  For example, moving from a C-note to D-note you go up two semitones (two piano keys) which is one tone, so in the key of D each scale note, and thus each chord (and chord note), is raised a full tone.  This converts the C-chords, F-chords, and G-chords (built on the 1st, 4th and 5th scale-notes in the key of C) into D-chords, G-chords, and A-chords (the corresponding 1st, 4th and 5th chords in the key of D).     { BTW, on guitar a good key for 12-bar blues is E (with , using the chords E, A, and B7: EEEE AAEE BAEE.  But wind instruments are easier to play in keys closer to C, like F (with only one flat) so if guitarists “play in E” but move it up to F (by using a capo) it's easier for the wind instruments.  Why does E require 4 sharps while F has 1 flat? }

Variations of 12-Bar Blues:  There are many variations on 12-Bar Blues, made by replacing the basic major chords (1, 4 and 5) with similar functionally related chords (substituting B7 for B, and so on), and in other ways, using chords other than 1, 4 and 5.

Other Chord Progressions:  Another simple progression — using only the 1, 4 and 5 chords — is "CFCG CFGC".  In jazz, and in other types of music, skilled musicians use chord progressions that are more complex.  You can use chord progressions that you learn from other musicians, or from a songbook.  Or just experiment, listen, and learn, to invent your own progressions

 Table of Contents 

Playing 12-Bar Blues using my Colorized Keyboard

iou – Soon, maybe in August 2024, this set-of-sections will be revised, in order to clarify the explanations (e.g. by using my newer-and-better diagrams) and improve the organization by reducing duplications and in other ways.

A colorized keyboard can be musically beneficial by letting you easily-and-instantly recognize the chord-notes for C-major (C E G, red) and F-major (F A C, blue), and G-major (G B D, green):

To improvise using 12-Bar Blues, during the C-chord part of a 12-bar chord progression in the first 4 bars, play mainly the red notes (the chord notes for a C-chord) mixed with occasional other white notes (that aren't in a C-chord) for variety, and also (as transitions between white notes) some black notes, especially E-flat for the flatted third that is common in melodies of blues music, and B-flat for a flatted seventh.  When the chord progression shifts to F-chords during the 5th and 6th measures, shift to “mainly blue notes” (the chord-notes for an F-chord) plus other notes for variety, and during the G-chord (in the 9th measure) play “mainly the green notes” that are in a G-chord.     { relaxed experimenting:  As usual, while you're practicing your improvisins, don't worry about making mistakes.  Instead, listen for feedback – so you can evaluate the results to discover what sounds good to your ears, mind, and heart – while you relax and enjoy the process of experimenting, listening, and learning. }

Here is the analogous color coding for A-minor, with chord-notes for the 1st, 4th, and 5th notes of the scale (A, D, and E) in red, blue, and green:

Obviously, this colorized keyboard works best for playing in the key of C-major or A-minor.  To play in another key, either ignore the dots or — it's my preference, and I suggest it because I think it's a much better musical strategy — use the transposing feature (available on almost all electronic keyboards) to shift every note you play up or down by the same amount.

For example, you can play a melody in the key of C, and then press the button for +1 transposing (which shifts all notes up by one semi-tone, from C to C#) so when you play the same melody (by using the same keys as before) you'll be playing in the key of C# with every note automatically increased in pitch by one semitone.

In this way, you can focus your attention on learning how to play well in the key of C, since you don't have to learn how to cope with C# and its 7 sharps, aka  D-flat with 5 flats.  You have limited time – and “time is the stuff life is made of” (Ben Franklin) – so you can use your valuable time to become highly skilled in only C Major (and A Minor) yet make music in all keys, by taking advantage of electronic transposing.

Finding Songs that use 12-Bar Blues

How can you play along with songs that use a chord progression of 12-Bar Blues?

• You can use a keyboard or guitar — played by you or a friend, using the "music theory" of 12-Bar Blues — to record the sequence of chords in 12-Bar Blues or in another chord progression.  Then you can play along with this recording of chords.     { Or one musician can do both at the same time, as when a keyboardist plays a chord progression with their left hand, and plays a melody with their right hand. }   Or...

• use a "backing track" on youtube (there is a wide variety) for 12-Bar Blues or other chord progressions – explore by searching for [12-bar blues in c backing tracks] or [12-bar blues in "a minor" backing tracks] or some variation of this, in different keys (c, a, b flat,... a minor,...) and tempos, and styles.  Or search for [popular chord progressions backing tracks] or [jazz chord progressions backing tracks] or other combos.  Most tracks show you the chords they're using, so you'll know.    {if you're making music with another person and you're playing keyboard, you can use its transposing feature}

• After you find a maker-of-tracks you like, you can refine your search to find more tracks by them.    /    You also can find backing tracks on individual websites, e.g. by using mp3 files from HighCountryGuitar.com (with Backing Tracks for "funk" and "shuffle" styles, in all 12 major keys) and Cliff Smith (with Backing Tracks in 72 files, for Minor Blues & 12 Bar Blues - slow & medium & fast, each in all 12 keys) and, with more musical variety, from TexasBluesAlley.com with Backing Tracks (in various keys, for Swing Blues & Rockin' Blues & Slow Blues plus Ballads).  You can play files for free on all three websites, and get free file-downloads (onto your computer) from Texas Blues Alley.

• Some electronic keyboards have a variety of chord progressions pre-recorded into their memory, and you can simply “push a button” to make the keyboard play a chord progression instead of a familiar song melody,* so you can improvise your own melody that "fits" with the chord progression.    {and keyboards let you change the key for each chord progression, e.g. changing from C to D by pushing "+2" to raise the pitch of every chord, and with "+2" you can use my colorized keyboard with red-blue-green notes}

• Or search for popular songs that use 12-Bar Blues as a chord structure.

Choosing a Key:  If you want to sing, just choose a song with a musical style you like, that fits comfortably within your vocal range because its pitches are not too high or too low.  If you want to play keyboard, maybe it will be easiest to play in the key of C because all of its scale-notes are white keys, then you can add black keys for melodic variety.*  Or if you're playing another instrument, it will be easier to play in other keys, e.g. for a guitar (E or A,...) or trumpet (F or B-flat,...).  If you're playing a keyboard, you can “play in C” (easy for you) and let a guitarist “play in E” (easy for them) by pushing "+4" in your keyboard's transposing feature so it's physically playing-in-E even though you are mentally playing-in-C.    /    * In the websites above, you can find key-of-C tracks from High Country (Shuffle Blues & Funk Blues) and Cliff Smith (in C Major, slow & medium & fast) and Texas Blues Alley (Rockin' Blues {2} & Swing Blues {2} & Slow Blues {2} and other websites, and on youtube;  or by using the transposing feature of an electronic keyboard, even if you choose a backing track (or song) in key that isn't C, you can still “play in C” mentally.

Major Blues and Minor Blues:  You can play along with Blues in Major Keys and Minor Keys.  For example, Blues in A Minor (slow & medium & fast) might be a good way to start on a keyboard because "all of its scale-notes are white keys, then later you can add black keys for melodic variety," analogous to Blues in C Major.

 Table of Contents 

more Music Theory:

2A. Scales and Chords, 

2B. The Circle of Fifths.

A. Scales and Chords (in Music Theory)

We'll look at diatonic scales – major and minor plus modal – that use 7 notes, and scales that use more notes (12 in a chromatic scale) or less notes (5 in a pentatonic scale).     { you can read these sections in any order you want }

iou – Section A will be updated-and-revised (maybe in June 2024) based on what has been added to my earlier section about Music Theory.

The Two Most Common Scales – Major and Minor

The scale of C-Major begins on C and uses only the 7 white notes on a keyboard, but none of the black notes.   What is the difference between major and minor?  In a minor scale, three notes (3, 6, 7) are a half-step lower than in the corresponding major scale;  a C-Minor scale is C, D, E-flat, F, G, A-flat, A-flat, C.  When you compare the C-major and C-minor scales below, and you'll see a flatted third ( E → E♭), sixth ( A → A♭), and seventh ( B → B♭),

C major:  C  D♭  D  E♭  E  F  G♭  G  A♭  A  B♭  B  C

C minor:  C  D♭  D  E♭  E  F  G♭  G  A♭  A  B♭  B  C

The major scale with no flats or sharps (so it's played using only white keys) is C Major.  The minor scale with no sharps or flats (played with only white keys) is A Minor:

A minor:  A  B♭  B  C  D♭  D  E♭  E   F  G♭  G  A♭  A

On a keyboard (or other instrument), listen to the difference when you play a C-major scale and C-minor scale.  Then compare C-major with A-minor.     { more about minor scales }

SCALE-Notes:   When you play a keyboard's white notes and start on C – using it as a “home note” – you're playing the 7 scale notes (1 2 3 4 5 6 7, where the “1” note is C) in the key of C Major.

CHORD-Notes:   When you play the notes underlined with red (C E G, the 1 3 5 notes of a C-Major Scale) you're playing the chord notes of a C-Major Chord.  If these notes are played simultaneously, it's a C-Major Chord that has a pleasant “harmonious” sound.

CHORD-Notes Melody:  If you play these notes sequentially in any order, you're playing a melody that uses the chord notes of a C-Major Chord.

CHORD PROGRESSION – a sequence of different chords, and this is the most common way to make music.

Minor SCALE-Notes and Minor CHORD-Notes:  In a similar way, the notes overlined in blue are the chord-notes of an A-Minor Chord, which are the 1 3 5 notes of an A-Minor Scale formed by starting on A (using it as a “home note”) and playing only the white notes.   Or when we compare C Major with C Minor, one difference is that in a minor scale the third note is a half-step lower, so a C-Minor Chord is C, E-flat, G.

Other Kinds of Chords:  A chord (either major or minor) often includes additional notes – e.g. for C Major, notes in addition to C and E and G – that are added to make other kinds of chords.     {extra: How many notes are in a chord?}

MODES:  [[ iou – Soon, maybe in July 2024, I'll compare two approaches to modes, traditional (as "all white notes" beginning on C, or D, or E,... thru B) and a method that is MUCH better for making music because it explains (in this page plus videos I'll link to) how notes are modified (compared with C Major) in each mode:  Ionian is just 1234567 with no flats;  Mixolydian has 7b;  Dorian has 3b and 7b;  Aeolian has 3b, 6b, 7b;  Phrygian has 2b, 3b, 6b, 7b;  Locrian has 2b, 3b, 5b, 6b, 7b;  Lydian has 4#.   /   Later I'll make a page that will summarize the facts, describe some musically artistic ways to use modes, and link to pages & videos with excellent explanations of the facts and (especially) artistic uses of modes.

3 Kinds of Minor Scales:  [[ iou – These scales are related to modes, and in July I'll describe them, using the concepts in this table: ]]  [[probably I'll keep the different colors for notes (6th,7th) that vary for these scales, because it highlights their differences.]]

three variations of a minor scale (natural, harmonic, melodic) each have a flatted-3 (Eb) so in all three variations the C-Minor chord is C/E-flat/G.  They are in the table above or (in a simpler format) are...

C   D   Eb   F  G  Ab  Bb  C

C   D   Eb   F  G  Ab   B   C

C   D   Eb   F  G   A    B   C

discovery learning:  [[ iou – Soon, maybe in July, I'll either write an introduction for this diagram or will delete it. ]]

more and less:  Most scales — including the two that are most commonly used, major and minor — are diatonic scales with 7 notes.  But some scales use more or less, with more notes (12) or fewer notes (5).

using more notes – Chromatic Scales:

A diatonic scale uses only 7 notes — e.g. a C-Major Scale (or A-Minor Scale) uses only the 7 white notes on a keyboard — but a chromatic scale has all of the 12 notes (e.g. 7 white, 5 black) so it contains MORE notes.  When you're playing along with a chord (e.g. C Major by simultaneously playing C,E,G) it's useful to think about three kinds of notes:  the 3 chord-notes (C,E,G) and 7 scale notes (C,D,E,F,G,A,B), plus the 5 non-scale notes (the black notes, for a scale of C Major) that add chromatic spice to a melody, for more variety.

iou - Later, maybe in late February, here I'll describe how chromatic scales (playing all 12 scale-notes) can make your melodies more interesting, how musicians use short “chromatic runs” in many popular songs because chromaticity can add special-and-beautiful “musical spice” to a song.   {musical examples}   { By contrast to commonly-used "short runs" a full 12-note chromatic scale is rarely used in songs.}

Here are some resources that will help you appreciate the possibilities for using chromatic notes to make melodies:  videos to explain the principles of blending scale-notes with nonscale-notes and some sophisticated examples;  web-pages with principles & applications (saying "the chromatic scale isn't often used on its own, but it can compliment other scales in plenty of situations" and explaining how) and plenty of examples — including five sections about creative ways to use blue notes (like a flatted-third) in melodies, as in a strategy for fixing a mistake (to "get you out of a sticky situation if you hit a wrong note, simply slide up by a semi-tone and you’re likely to be back in the right key and it’ll seem like you were playing a particularly emotive solo") — plus an overview from Brittanica about how musicians have used chromaticity before & during the main “classical music periods” and afterward.

Two chromatic one-semitone intervals that use the white notes of C Major (or A Minor) are E-and-F, B-and-C.

using fewer notes – Pentatonic Scales:

A pentatonic scale uses only 5 notes, which is less than the 7 notes of a Major Scale or Minor Scale.  To learn about pentatonics, you can begin by reading about the basics (and doing creative experiments) and continue by reading more below, and listening to melodic examples.

Learning How to Make Music:  Carl Orff (designer of Orff Approach to use pentatonic scales in music education) thought the pentatonic scale is "children's native tonality" and "the nature of the scale meant that it is impossible for the child to make any real harmonic mistakes," and this helps "build a sense of confidence and interest in the process of creative thinking."

Easy Ways to Play Pentatonic:  There are many different pentatonic scales, but the 5 scales you get by playing only black notes – and using 5 different home notes – are much easier to play.  Why?  Because with "only black keys" it's easy to intuitively-instantly-correctly know all of the notes that ARE in the scale (they're black) and ARE NOT in the scale (they're white) so you can focus your full attention on how you want to use these notes for creatively making music;  all notes that are black (no more, no less) are in the scale;  this is easy and intuitive.   By contrast, for the many other pentatonic scales you must think about which notes are in the scale — because a white note might be either “in” or “not in”, and a black note might be “in” or “not in” — and this thinking makes your improvising less-easy and less-intuitive.

Useful Ways to Play Pentatonic:  When you're playing a keyboard in C Major (using only the 7 white notes) one way to be musically creative is by doing experiments in which you use less notes and more notes, by using pentatonic scales (with fewer notes) and a chromatic scale (with all notes, both white and black)

     { But... later – after you have learned "how you want to use [pentatonic] notes" – you'll find that in some situations, as when playing along with other musicians, using other pentatonic scales (with some "white keys") can be useful. }

more — Improvising With The Pentatonic Scale – wikipedia's Pentatonic Scales describes the scales (major & minor & 3 others, using white notes and black notes), lets you hear major & minor scales – Introducing the Pentatonic Scale.

videos — melodic examples – The Genius of Pentatonic Melodies – Pentatonic Scales and Melodic Improvisation – Making Your Pentatonic A Little More Melodic (by using scale-steps with flow) – Bobby McFerrin Demonstrates the Power of the Pentatonic Scale – Howard Goodall on [the science & sociology of] Pentatonic Music – Do you Speak Pentatonic? The Multilinguality of Music (TED Talk) – iou [more will be here later].

Octaves

[[ iou – Later, maybe in April 2024, this section will be revised to eliminate duplications — because what's below was copied-and-pasted from two sections, and I'll be combining both here — but it now contains most of the ideas it eventually will have, except for the musically interesting experiments showing us that although (as explained below) "we think octave-notes sound very similar, essentially the same," their same-ness occurs only when we hear them as two isolated notes.  When instead we hear these octave-notes (an octave apart) in the musical context of other notes, they can produce very different sounds-and-feelings. ]]

Earlier I describe my strange blending of singular-and-plural – as in in "homenote(s)" and also in "it (or them)" – because the homenote(s) are octave-notes that are plural yet singular.  Huh?  Is being “both plural and singular” possible?  Yes, here I'm combining singular-and-plural in homenote(s) – and also in "it (or them)" – because both are musically justified.  In a group of notes that is "one kind of black note" we think each of the notes (e.g. every note labeled "minor") sounds very similar (essentially "the same") whether it's a particular note, or is another note that's an octave lower or higher.  Each of these notes is a homenote, and together they're the homenote(s), are the homenotes.     { My unusual combining of singular with plural – in "homenote(s)" and "it (or them)" – is grammatically illogical, but is musically logical. }

* octave-notes are plural yet singular:  Huh?  Is being “both plural and singular” possible?  Yes, here I'm combining singular-and-plural in homenote(s) – and also in "it (or them)" – because both are musically justified.  In a group of notes that is "one kind of black note" we think each of the notes (e.g. every note labeled "minor") sounds very similar (essentially "the same") whether it's a particular note, or is another note that's an octave lower or higher.  Each of these notes is a homenote, and together they're the homenote(s), are the homenotes.     { My unusual combining of singular with plural – in "homenote(s)" and "it (or them)" – is grammatically illogical, but is musically logical. }

octave notes are singular-yet-plural (Part 2):  Earlier I describe the singular-yet-plural nature of homenote(s).  This combining of singular-with-plural is grammatically illogical, but is musically logical.  And it's a central element in almost all music.  For example, humans intuitively use octaves when we sing together, whenever it's necessary because our voices differ in pitch-range, with some voices being lower and others higher.*  Even in solo melodies, and in chords, players use octaves;  listeners (including the players & others) think the using of octave-notes is musically pleasing, and thus is musically logical.     {* Or when you're singing a melody and some notes are outside your limited vocal range – they are too low or too high – you intuitively shift to notes that are "essentially the same" but are an octave higher or lower, to put the notes within your vocal range so you can sing them. }

 Table of Contents 

Table of Contents

APPENDIX

How many notes are in a chord?

If you simultaneously play any two different chord-notes (e.g. for a C-Major Chord the two notes could be C and E, or C and G, or E and G, with either note played in any octave)* this is defined as a chord.   And so is more than two different notes (e.g. for a C-Major Chord, C and E and G);  thus, CEGC' (red-underlined in the diagram above, with the ' of C' showing it's in a higher octave) and CEG, CE, EG, CGE', EGE', and CGC'G' are all C-Major Chords, and so are many other combinations.   A chord with three different chord-notes is a triad.

* note:  If the two notes are CG or EG, this won't clearly define the chord as C-Major, because CG could be either C-Major or C-Minor, and EG could be C-Major or E-Minor.

And a chord often includes additional non-triad notes — e.g. for C Major, notes that are not C or E or G — that are added to make other kinds of chords.

If you're curious, you can explore my ideas about Getting More Experiences + Learning More from Experiences and Freely Creative Experimenting + Strategies to Stimulate Creativity plus (later in this page) "learning from ALL experience, whether you view the result as a failure or success," and how to excel in welding (or making music), and improvising in other areas of life.

Experiments produce Experiences

This page begins with "a strategy for learning, a key principle," by encouraging creative experimenting:  "instead of worrying about the possibility of mistakes, just relax and experiment, listen, learn" because "you can do a wide variety of creative experiments... to produce new experiences, so you can learn from these experiences."  The essence of education is learning from experience.

And what is the basic relationship between experiences and experiments?   It's summarized in my link to this section (experiments → experiences) and its title, Experiments produce Experiences.

Because broad definitions are educationally useful, I define experiment broadly as “any situation that produces experience, which includes almost everything in your own first-hand experiences and also (because you can learn from what other people do)* in the second-hand experiences of others.”  Or the word can be used as a verb, when you creatively experiment so – by doing new actions – you will get new experiences that are opportunities for learning and growing.