History of Human Chronology, compiled by G.R. Morton,
http://www.isource.net/~grmorton/dmd.htm
Age BP Oldest example of... place Species
Ref.
2.0 kyr continuous industrial site Bigo, Uganda H. s. 1
2.0 kyr grammar text Greece H. s. 2
3.0 kyr census Israel H. s. 3
3.0 kyr iron mine Velem St. Vid, Hungary H. s. 4
4.0 kyr oldest song Ur, Iraq H. s. 5
4.5 kyr Maya farming Belize H. s. 6
4.8 kyr fixed calendrical date Egypt H. s. 7
5.0 kyr extrabibilcal person's name Egypt H. s. 8
6.0 kyr iron object Egypt H. s. 9
6.0 kyr existant ship England H. s. 10
6.0 kyr horse domesticated Ukraine H. s. 11
6.5 kyr gold jewelry Varna, Bulgaria H. s. 12
7.0 kyr wine Zagros Mtns, Iran H. s. 13
7.5 kyr two-stage domed kiln Yarim Tepe, Iraq H. s. 14
8.4 kyr dugout canoe Pesse, Netherlands H. s. 15
9.0 kyr fragment of cloth Turkey H. s. 16
9.0 kyr pigs domesticated Greece H. s. 17
9.0 kyr continuous religion Queensland,Australia H. s. 18
9.4 kyr boat paddle Star Carr, England H. s. 19
9.5 kyr sheep domesticated Turkey H. s. 20
10 kyr goats domesticated Asiab,Iran H. s. 21
10 kyr wooden Australian boomerang Wyrie Swamp, Australia H. s. 22
10 kyr depiction of warfare Australia H. s. 23
11 kyr basket Danger Cave, Utah H. s. 24
11 kyr wooden arrow Hamburg, Germany H. s. 25
12 kyr city Mureybet Syria H. s. 26
12 kyr arrowhead San Teodoro, Sicily H. s. 27
13 kyr flint sickle Middle East H. s. 28
13 kyr first pottery Japan H. s. 29
13 kyr copper working various H. s. 30
13-14 kyr toothpick South Africa H. s. 31
13-14 kyr extant wooden hut remains Monte Verde, Chile H. s. 32
14 kyr fish hooks Europe H. s. 33
14 kyr H.S. religious sanctuary El Juyo Cave, Spain H. s. 34
18-19 kyr bone sewing needle Europe H. s.
35
19.3 kyr twisted fiber cord Othalo, Israel H. s. 36
19. kyr fishing net Ohalo II, Israel H. s. 37
20 kyr ivory boomerang Oblazowa, Poland H. s. 38
23 kyr ground stone tools Malangangerr, Australia H. s. 39
25 kyr net fishing Willendra Lake, Australia H. s. 40
25 kyr puppet Brno, Moravia H. s. 41
27 kyr impression of woven cloth Eastern Europe H. s. 42
27 kyr ceramics Dolni Vestonice H. s. 43
30 kyr human cremation Lake Mungo Australia H. s. 44
32 kyr coal mine Landek, Czechoslovakia H. s. 45
35 kyr fossil collection Arcy-sur-Cure H. s. n. 46
Limit of Jim's humanity. This is when Jim thinks mankind was created.
Below here only animals walk.
36 kyr glue Umm el Tlel, Syria ? 47
39 kyr cave painting Carpenter's Gap,Australia a. H.s. 48
43-67 kyr 7 note musical scale Divje Babe I, Slovenia H.s.n.
49
45 kyr Neanderthal flute Divje Babe I, Slovenia H.s.n. 50
47 kyr surgical amputation Shanidar, Iraq H.s.n. 51
50 kyr shaman's cape Hortus, France H.s.n. 52
60 kyr Neanderthal hut/tent Molodova, Russia H.s.n. 53
68 kyr Murder by spear Shanidar, Iraq H.s.n. 54
70-80 kyr Neanderthal art,pseudoVenus Wildenmannlisloch, Switz. H.s.n. 55
70-80 kyr musical instrument-flute Haua Fteah, Libya H.s.n. 56
73 kyr use of coal for fire Les Canalettes H.s.n. 57
75-116 kyr rock engraving Jinmium, Australia a. H. s. 58
80 kyr H. s. wooden spear Mt. Carmel, Israel H. s. 59
80 kyr Neanderthal bone tool Regourdou, France H.s.n. 60
80 kyr religious sanctuary Drachenloch,Switzerland H.s.n. 61
90-100 kyr whistles Prolom II, Crimea a.H. s. 62
110 kyr underground mining Lion Cave, Swaziland ? 63
110-130 kyr Neanderthal spear Lehringen, Germany H.s.n. 64
130 kyr burial Krapina, Croatia H.s.n. 65
130 kyr food processors various a. H. s. 66
140 kyr over-horizon sailing Australia a. H. s. 67
200 kyr post hole Lunel-Viel a. H. s. 68
200 kyr Neanderthal bedding Lazaret, France H.s.n. 69
200 kyr Neanderthal living floor Grotte d'Aldene H.s.n. 70
230 kyr European human dung Terra Amata, France H. e.? 71
240 kyr Upper Paleo.blade tools Kenya ? 72
240-700 kyr carpentered wooden plank Gesher Benot Ya'aqov H. e. 73
250 kyr Mousterian tools Vaufry Cave, France ? 74
300 kyr geometric engraving Pech de lAze H. e.
75
300 kyr Arctic clothing needed Diring Yuriakh,Siberia ? 76
300 kyr jewelry various H. e. 77
330 kyr Depiction of human form Berekhat Ram, Israel H. e./a.H.s 78
>350 kyr stone wall Bhimbetka, India a.H.s/H.e. 79
3-400 kyr Scalping Bodo,Ethiopia H. e. 80
3-400 kyr European huts Bilzingsleben,Germany H. e. 81
3-400 kyr paved social area Bilzingsleben,Germany H. e. 82
3-400 kyr evidence of counting Bilzingsleben,Germany H. e. 83
400 kyr wooden spears Schoningen, Germany H. e. 84
400 kyr 3 component composite tools Schoningen, Germany H. e. 85
400 kyr tools made by other tools Schoningen, Germany H. e. 86
400 kyr wooden boomerang Schoningen, Germany H. e. 87
500 kyr mineral collection Zhoukoudian, China H. e. 88
500 kyr man and canine assoc. Zhoukoudian, China H. e. 89
500 kyr Asian fire Zhoukoudian, China H. e. 90
700 kyr Asian over ocean travel Flores, Indonesia H. e. 91
750 kyr European fire Escale Cave, France H. e. 92
800-900 kyr Homo erectus bedding Wonderwork Cave, S. A. H. e. 93
970 kyr European structure Soleihac Cave H. e.? 94
1.0 MYR tanning hides Swartkrans, South Africa H. e. 95
1.5 MYR evidence of fire Swartkrans South Africa H. e./A.r.96
1.5 MYR woodworking Koobi Fora, Kenya H. e. 97
1.6 MYR Man-made representative art Olduvai Gorge H. e.? 98
1.6 MYR working with animal hides Swartkrans A. r. 99
1.6 MYR bone tool Swartkrans A. r.
100
1.7 MYR Human compassion East Africa H. e.
101
1.8 MYR over ocean travel? Orce, Spain H. e.
102
1.9 MYR Right-handedness Koobi Fora H. e.
103
1.95 MYR Larynx capable of Speech H. e.
104
2.0 MYR Brain structure of Language Lake Rudolf H. h.
105
2.0 MYR Windbreak structure Olduvai H. e.
106
2.0 MYR Oldest Toothpick use Ethiopia H. e.
107
2.5 MYR Genus Homo Lake Rudolf H. r.
108
2.6 MYR Stone tools Gona,Ethiopia ?
109
3.0 MYR recognized art Makapansgat,South Afr. A. af.
110
3.4 MYR TMJ Disease Laetoli, Tanzania A. af.
111
4.0 MYR Bipedalism Kanapoi, Kenya A. an.
112
5.5 MYR earliest hominid fossil Lothagam, Kenya A. ?
113
H.s.= Homo sapiens
a.Homo sapiens=archaic Homo sapiens
H.s.n.=Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
H.e. = Homo erectus
H.h. = Homo habilis
H.r. = Homo rudolfensis
A.af.= Australopithecus africanus
A.r. = Australopithecus robustus
A.an.= Australopithecus anamensis
References
1.Christopher Wills, The Runaway Brain, (New York: Harper Collins, 1993), p. 101
2. Wayne M. Senner, "Theories and Myths on the Origins of Writing: A
Historical Overview,"
in Wayne M. Senner, editor, The Origins of Writing, (Lincoln: University of
Nebraska Press, 1989), p. 4
3. Bible Exodus 30:12
4.R. Shepard, Prehistoric Mining and Allied Industries, (New York: Academic
Press, 1980),
p. 210
5. 1. Anne Draffkorn Kilmer, Richard L. Crocker and Robert R. Brown, Sounds
from Silence (Berkeley, California: Bit Enki Publications, 1976) and Bob
Fink, ™The Oldest Song in the World,š in Archaeologia Musicalis (Study
Group on Music Archaeology, Feb., 1988), pp. 98-100.
6.B. Bower "Maya Beginnings Extend Back at Belize Site," Science News, April
30, 1994, p.
279
7.Colin Renfrew, Before Civilization, (New York: Penguin Books, 1976), p. 29-30
8.Henry George Fisher, "The Origin of Egyptian Hieroglyphs, " in Wayne M.
Senner, Ed. The
Origins of Writing, (Lincoln: University of Nebraska press, 1989), p. 61
9. Microsoft Encarta Multimedia Encyclopedia, 1994. "Iron"
10. Dallas Morning News, Thursday, 5-8-97, p. 16A
11. Victor Barnouw, An Introduction to Anthropology: Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 1, (Homewood, Ill:
The Dorsey Press, 1982), p.193
12. A. Gopher, et al, "Earliest god Artifacts in the Levant," Current
Anthropology,
31:4(1991), pp 436-443, p. 441
13. B. Bower, "Wine making's roots age in staned jar", Science News June 8,
1996, p. 359
14. Joan Oates, "The Emergence of Cities in the Near East," in Andrew
Sherratt, editor,
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Archaeology, (New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1980), p. 112
15. Grahame Clark and Stuart Piggott, Prehistoric Societies, (New York:
Alfred A. Knopf,
1965), p. 106
16. Science News, Vol. 144, p. 54
17 Victor Barnouw, An Introduction to Anthropology: Physical Anthropology
and Archaeology,
1, (Homewood, Ill: The Dorsey Press, 1982), p.193
18. Josephine Flood, The Archeology of the Dreamtime, (New Haven: Yale
University Press,
1989), p. 143
19. Victor Barnouw, An Introduction to Anthropology: Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 1, (Homewood, Ill:The Dorsey Press, 1982), p.185
20. O. Bar-Yosef, "The role of Western Asia in Modern Human Origins," Phil.
Trans. R. Soc.
Lond. B, 1992, p.193-200 esp. p. 199
21. Victor Barnouw, An Introduction to Anthropology: Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 1, (Homewood, Ill:The Dorsey Press, 1982), p.193
22. Josephine Flood, "The Archeology of the Dreamtime, (New Haven: Yale
University Press,
1989), p. 154
23. Bruce Bower, "Seeds of Warfare Precede Agriculture," Science News, Jan.
7, 1995, p. 4.
24. D. Nadel, et al. "19,000-Year-Old Twisted Fibers from Ohalo II," Current
Anthropology,
35:4(1994), pp. 451-457, p. 456-457; and Jacquetta Hawkes, Prehistory, (New
York: Mentor Books, 1963), p. 153
25. Richard Klein, "Later Pleistocene Hunters," in Andrew Sherratt, editor,
The Cambridge
Encyclopedia of Archaeology, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980), p. 90
26. Jean Guilaine, "The First Farmers of the Old World," in Jean Guilaine,
editor,
Prehistory: The World of Early Man, (New York: Facts on File, 1986), p. 80-81
27. L. Bachechi, P.F. Fabbri and F. Mallegni, "An Arrow-Caused Lesion in a
Late Upper
Paleolithic Human Pelvis," Current Anthropology, 38:1(Feb. 1, 1997):135-140,
p. 139-140
28. The Software Toolworks Multimedia Encyclopedia, Grolier, 1992, Timeline.
29.L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paoli Menozzi and Alberto Piazzi, The History and
Geography of
Human Genes, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 202
30. Microsoft Encarta Multimedia Encyclopedia, 1994. "Copper"
31. Richard Klein, "Later Pleistocene Hunters," in Andrew Sherratt, editor,
The Cambridge
Encyclopedia of Archaeology, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980), p. 90
32.E. James Dixon, Quest for the Origins of the First
Americans,(Albuquerque: University
of New Mexico Press, 1993), p. 96
33. Richard Klein, "Later Pleistocene Hunters," in Andrew Sherratt, editor,
The Cambridge
Encyclopedia of Archaeology, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980), p. 90
34.L. G. Freeman and J. G. Echegaray, "El Juyo: A 14,000-year-old Sanctuary
Spain," History of Religion, Aug. 1981, p. 15-16.
35.Richard Klein, "Later Pleistocene hunters," in Andrew Sherratt, editor,
The Cambridge
Encyclopedia of Archaeology, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980), p. 90
36. D. Nadel, et al. "19,000-Year-Old Twisted Fibers from Ohalo II," Current
Anthropology,
35:4(1994), pp. 451-457
37. D. Nadel, et al. "19,000-Year-Old Twisted Fibers from Ohalo II," Current
Anthropology,
35:4(1994), pp. 451-457
38. Adrian Lister and Paul Bahn, Mammoths, (London: Boxtree, 1995), p. 112
39. Josephine Flood, "The Archeology of the Dreamtime, (New Haven: Yale
University Press,
1989), p. 85
40.Josephine Flood, "The Archeology of the Dreamtime, (New Haven: Yale
University Press,
1989), p. 50-51
41.Adrian Lister and Paul Bahn, Mammoths, (London: Boxtree, 1995), p. 115
42.B. Bowers, "Stone Age Fabric Leaves Swatch Marks," Science News, 147:276,
May 6, 1995,
p. 276
43.Chris Stringer and Clive Gamble, In Search of the Neanderthals, (New
York: Thames and
Hudson, 1993), p. 206
44.James R. Shreeve, The Neandertal Enigma, (New York: William Morrow and
Co., 1995), p.
103
45. R. Shepard, Prehistoric Mining and Allied Industries, (New York:
Academic Press,
1980), p.231-232, 236
46.Andre Leroi Gourhan, The Hunters of Prehistory, transl. Claire Jacobson,
(New York:
Atheneum, 1989), p. 93
47.Eric Boeda, et al, "Bitumen as a Hafting Material on Middle Palaeolithic
Artefacts,"
Nature, 380, March 28, 1996, p. 336-337
48.Paul G. Bahn, "Further Back Down Under," Nature, Oct 17, 1996, p.
577-578, p. 578
49. Bob Fink, http://www.webster.sk.ca/greenwich/fl-compl.htm also see,
http://www.apnet.com/inscight/04031997/grapha.htm
50. Ivan Turk, Janez Dirjec and Boris Kavur, 'Ali so v Sloveniji Nasli
Najstarejse
glasbilo v Evropi?' Razprave, IV, razreda SAZU, XXVI(1995), pp 288-293.
51. J.B. Birdsell, Human Evolution, (Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1972), p. 285
52.James R. Shreeve, The Neandertal Enigma, (New York: William Morrow and
Co., 1995), p.
52
53.Chris Stringer and Clive Gamble, In Search of the Neanderthals, (New
York: Thames and
Hudson, 1993), p.157
54.Rose L. Solecki, "More on Hafted Projectile Points in the Mousterian,"
Journal of Field
Archaeology, 19(1992):207-212, p. 211
55.Ivars Lissner, Man, God and Magic, (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1961),
p. 189-191;
Dr. Emil Bachler, Das Alpine Palaeolithikum der Schweiz, Monographien Zur
Ur-Und Fruhgeschichte der Schweiz
(Basel: Verlag Birkhauser & Cie, 1940), Bd II, figure 111.
56.C.B.M. McBurney, Haua Fteah (Cyrenaica),(Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1967),
p. 90
57.I. ThŽry, J. Gril, J. L. Vernet, L. Meignen, J. Maury,Coal used for Fuel
at Two
Prehistoric Sites in Southern France: Les Canalettes (Mousterian) and Les
Usclades (Mesolithic), Journal of
Archaeological Science, v 23, n 4,July 1996, p509-512
58. R.K.Fullagar, D.M. Price & L.M. Head, "Early Human Occupation of
Northern Australia:
Archaeology and Thermoluminescence Dating of Jinmium Rock-Shelter, Northern
Territory," Antiquity
70(1996):751-773, p. 771
59. Grahame Clark and Stuart Piggott, Prehistoric Societies, (New York:
Alfred A. Knopf,
1965), p. 60
60. Brian Hayden "The Cultural Capacities of Neandertals ", Journal of Human
Evolution
1993, 24:113-146, p. 119-120
61. Emil Bachler, Das Drachenloch (St. Gallen: Druck der Buchdruckerei
Zollikofer & Cie.,
1921).
62. Vadim N. Stpanchuk, "Prolom II, A Middle Palaeolithic Cave Site in the
Eastern Crimea
with Non-Utilitarian Bone Artefacts," Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
59, 1993, pp 17-37, p. 33-34.
63.P.M. Vermeersch and E. Paulissen, "The Oldest Quarries Known: Stone Age
Miners in
Egypt," Episodes, 12:1(March 1989), p. 35-36, p. 36
64.Paul Mellars, The Neanderthal Legacy, (Princeton: University Press,
1996), p. 227
65.L. A. Schepartz, "Language and Modern Human Origins," Yearbook of Physical
Anthropology, 36:91-126(1993), p. 113
66. Brian M. Fagan, The Journey From Eden, (London: Thames and Hudson,
1990), p. 61
67. Josephine Flood, "The Archeology of the Dreamtime, (New Haven: Yale
University Press,
1989), p. 102;R.K.Fullagar, D.M. Price & L.M. Head, "Early Human Occupation
of Northern Australia:
Archaeology and Thermoluminescence Dating of Jinmium Rock-Shelter, Northern
Territory," Antiquity
70(1996):751-773.
68.Brian Hayden "The Cultural Capacities of Neandertals ", Journal of Human
Evolution
1993, 24:113-146, p. 132
69. Paul C. Mellars, The Neanderthal Legacy, (Princeton: University Press,
1996), p. 285
70. Brian Hayden "The Cultural Capacities of Neandertals ", Journal of Human
Evolution
1993, 24:113-146, p. 132-133
71. Clive Gamble, Timewalkers, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994),
p. 138
72. JoAnn Gutin,"Do Kenya tools Root Birth of Modern Thought in Africa?"
Science 270 Nov.
17, 1995, p. 1118.
73. S. Belitszky et al, "A Middle Pleistocene Wooden Plank with man-made
Polish,"
Journal of Human Evolution, 1991, 20:349-353.
74. James R. Shreeve, The Neandertal Enigma, (New York: William Morrow and
Co., 1995), p.
139
75. Robert G. Bednarik, "Art Origins", Anthropos, 89(1994):169-180, p. 170
76. Michael R. Waters, Steven L. Forman, and James M. Pierson,"Diring
Yuriakh: A Lower
Paleolithic Site in Central Siberia,", Science, 275(Feb. 28, 1997):1281-1283
77. Robert G. Bednarik, "Concept-mediated Marking in the Lower
Palaeolithic," Current
Anthropology, 36:4(1995), pp. 605-634, p. 606
78. Desmond Morris, The Human Animal, (New York: Crown Publishing, 1994), p.
186-188.
79. Robert G. Bednarik, "Stone Age Stone Walls," The Artefact, 16(1993), p. 60
80. Ian Tattersall, The Fossil Trail (New York: Oxford University Press,
1995), p. 244.
81. D. Mania and U. Mania and E. Vlcek, "Latest Finds of Skull Remains of
Homo erectus
from Bilzingsleben (Thruingia)", Naturwissenschaften, 81(1994), p. 123-127,
p. 124
82. D. Mania and U. Mania and E. Vlcek, "Latest Finds of Skull Remains of
Homo erectus
from Bilzingsleben (Thruingia)", Naturwissenschaften, 81(1994), p. 123-127,
p. 124
83. Compare Alexander Marshack, The Roots of Civilization,(New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
1972), p. 139 with Robert G. Bednarik, "On Lower Paleolithic Cognitive
Development," 23rd Chacmool Conference
Calgary 1990, pp 427-435, p. 432 This assumes that the marked bones found at
Bilzingsleben are tally sticks.
84. Robin Dennell, "The World's Oldest Spears," Nature 385(Feb. 27, 1997),
p. 767; Hartmut
Thieme, "Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears form Germany," Nature, 385(Feb.
27,1997), p. 810
85. Hartmut Thieme, "Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears form Germany,"
Nature, 385(Feb.
27,1997), p. 810
86.Hartmut Thieme, "Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears form Germany," Nature,
385(Feb.
27,1997), p. 810
87.Hartmut Thieme, "Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears form Germany," Nature,
385(Feb.
27,1997), p. 810
88. W.C. Pei, "Notice of the Discovery of Quartz and Other Stone artifacts
in the Lower
Pleistocene Hominid-Bearing Sediments of the Choukoutien Cave Deposit,"
Bulletin of the Geological Society of
China, 11:2:1931:109-146, p.120
89.Juliet Clutton-Brock, "Origins of the Dog: Domestication and Early
History," in James
Serpell, ed. The Domestic Dog, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1995), p. 8-10
90. Victor Barnouw, An Introduction to Anthropology: Physical Antrhopology and
Archaeology, Vol. 1, (Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press, 1982) p. 141
91. P.Y. Sondaar, et al., "Middle Pleistocene faunal turnover and
Colonization of
Flores(Indonesia) by Homo erectus," Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des
Sciences. Paris 319:1255-1262, p. 1260
92. Victor Barnouw, An Introduction to Anthropology: Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, Vol. 1, (Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press, 1982) p. 143
93. Robert G. Bednarik, "Wonders of Wonderwork Cave," The Artefact,
16(1993), p. 61
94. Richard G. Klein, The Human Career, (Chicago: The University of Chicago
Press, 1989),
p. 212-213
95. Richard G. Klein, The Human Career, (Chicago: The University of Chicago
Press, 1989),
p. 164
96. J. A. J. Gowlett, J. W. K. Harris, D. Walton and B. A. Wood, "Early
archaeological
sites, Hominid Remains and Traces of Fire from Chesowanja, Kenya," Nature,
294, Nov. 12, 1981, p. 128; C. K. Brain and A. Sillen, "Evidence from the
Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire," Nature, 336, Dece. 1, 1988,
p. 464-465
97.Kathy D. Schick and Nicholas Toth, Making Silent Stones Speak, (New York:
Simon and
Schuster, 1993), p.160
98. M.D. Leakey, Olduvai Gorge 3 Excavations in Beds I and II, 1960-1693,
(Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1971), p. 269
99. Donald C. Johanson, Lenora Johanson, and Blake Edgar, Ancestors, (New
York: Villard
Books, 1994), p. 163-165
100.Donald C. Johanson, Lenora Johanson, and Blake Edgar, Ancestors, (New
York: Villard
Books, 1994), p. 163- 165
101.Alan Walker and Pat Shipman, The Wisdom of the Bones, (New York: Alfred
Knopf, 1996),
p. 168; A. Walker,M.R. Zimmerman, and R.E. F. Leakey, "A Possible Case of
Hypervitaminosis A in Homo
Erectus," Nature, 296,March 18, 1982, p. 248-250, p. 249-250
102. Adrienne L. Zihlman and Jerold M. Lowenstein, "A Spanish Olduvai?" Current
Anthropology, 37:4(Aug.-Oct. 1996), p. 695-697, p. 847 Did they come across
Gibraltar?
103.Richard G. Klein, The Human Career, (Chicago: The University of Chicago
Press, 1989),
p. 169
104.Even critics of erectus abilities agree they had speech Alan Walker and
Pat Shipman,
The Wisdom of the Bones, (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1996), p. 281
105.Dean Falk, Braindance,(New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1992), p. 50
106.Victor Barnouw, An Introduction to Anthropology: Physical Antrhopology and
Archaeology, Vol. 1, (Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press, 1982),p. 126
107.Juan Luis Arsuaga Ferreras, "Faces from the Past," Archaeology, May/June
1997, p.
31-33, p. 32
108."New relation. Upper jaw from Hadar, Ethiopia, helps fill in a crucial
period in human evolution."Volume 274, Number 5291, Issue of 22 November
1996, p. 1298
109.Bernard Wood, "The Oldest Whodunnit in the World," Nature , 385( Jan.23,
1997), p.
292; S. Semaw, et al, "2.5-Million-year-old stone Tools from Gona Ethiopia,"
Nature, 385(January 23, 1997), p.
333-336, p. 335
110.R.A. Dart, "The Waterworn Australopithecine Pebble of Many Faces from
Makapansgat,"
South African Journal of Science, 70(June 1974), pp 167-169
111.Tim D. White, et al, "New Discoveries of Australopithecus at Maka in
Ethiopia",
Nature, Nov. 18, 1993, p. 263 TMJ is Temporomandibular Joint disease.
112. M.G. Leakey et al, "New four-million-year-old hominid species from
Kanapoi and Allia
Bay, Kenya", Nature, 376, August 17, 1995, p. 567-568
113. J. W. K. Harris, "Early Man," in Andrew Sherratt, editor, The Cambridge
Encyclopedia
of Archaeology, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980), p. 64
glenn
Foundation, Fall and Flood
http://www.isource.net/~grmorton/dmd.htm